The Impact of Electronic Media and the Internet on Print...

The Impact of Electronic Media and the Internet on Print Media New technology has developed rapidly since the birth of the internet, and it continues to expand and evolve affecting many domains, especially the print media. This essay will investigate the influence and impact of current technology of the electronic media and World Wide Web on print media, and how future developments in technology will affect the future direction of the traditional newspaper. The way in which â€Å"Bloggers† have influenced traditional journalism will also be explored and how this has affected the journalism profession. In addition, the negative impacts of how the electronic media is being used as a political forum will also be investigated. Finally, the†¦show more content†¦It has been reported that the future of electronic information is not embraced by a lot of the news media as free interactive services generate low levels of interest with pay-per-call services as the main source of revenue. However, Rupert Murdoch saw the opportunities off ered by new technology, and through diversification created an international press, followed by a television domain, creating a truly global media empire (Shawcross:1999). However, other print media have resisted being fully represented on the web. Interestingly, reports claim the traditional newspaper will continue to survive due to common factors such as the much loved writer or columnist, local community news and the personal link to world news (Fulton 1996). However it could be argued that these same factors are applicable to the internet. Melinda McAdams, a primary contributor in the setup of the Washington’s Posts online service, recognizes the above mentioned factors also support the internet inferring a person with a lot of on-line experience thinks more about connections, organization, movement within and among sets of information, and communication among different people (Fulton:1996) demonstrating that the similar relationships can be formed with journalists over the internet. Furthermore, as the World Wide Web provides an interactive stage, the accuracy and legitimacy of news items could beShow MoreRelatedElectronic Media1675 Words   |  7 PagesELECTRONIC MEDIA AND PRINT MEDIA INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC MEDIA This is a type of MASS MEDIA which uses ELECTRONIC Energy in the user end. The most familiar electronic media includes video recording, audio recording, multimedia presentations, slide presentations, CD ROM’S and online contents. Also, recorded broadcasting in television, radio, telephone etc. could be considered as electronic media. THE BASIC USES OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA Electronic Media is probably the most diversified subject of studyRead MoreHistorical Evolution and Development of the Various Mass Media970 Words   |  4 Pagesto the historical evolution and development of the various mass media in the United States. Print, broadcast, and electronic media have changed drastically since man was first introduced to them. The speed of these changes are occurring more rapidly now, altering the different forms of media along with it. Though these changes have brought forth many benefits, a few negative impacts have been brought along as well. Print media has been used by people to spread information for centuries, datingRead MorePrint Media And Digital Media1740 Words   |  7 PagesThe print and the digital media have been in the forefront in acting as the social mirror reflecting on what goes on in the society. Thus when it is said that the print media is dead it becomes quite disturbing because traditionally it is known as the only tool that people have come to trust to deliver information in a holistic manner. Well, in the advertising world, it is assumed that the more the products are displayed in pages of magazines and newspapers; they are bound to be sold more becauseRead MoreThe Mass Media Influence On Society804 Words   |  4 PagesThe mass media greatly influence the behavior and thoughts of citizens and policymakers, and has a great impact on policy agenda. The mass media includes television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the Internet, and other means of popular communication. There are two kinds of media; print media, which includes newspapers and magazines, and electronic media, which includes television, radio, and the Internet. There are various positives and negatives of the media and its relation to the public and toRead MoreMass Media Milestone1700 Words   |  7 PagesMilestone in the history of mass media The first variation of a newspaper was published in Rome in 59 BC. It was a daily sheet that Julius Caesar ordered to be distributed all over the city. However, the first newspaper was printed in Beijing in 746 (Flanagin, 452). Also, a forty-two-page bible was published two years later after a German poet used a printing press to post a poem. This was a significant period that marked the beginning of mass media production. Mass media refers to a communication channelRead MoreEssay Responsibilities of the Media1579 Words   |  7 Pages1) The primary role of media delivering the news to the public is to gather and report news that is true, fair, honest, accurate, non-biased and non-critical. The news keeps us informed about what is going on in and around the world, investigating stories and delivering information to a large and diverse audience. The media channels news through television, radio, newspapers, internet, and other products that reach people, groups, and societies. Not only does theRead MoreTechnology Is An Indispensable Part Of Our Life Essay1417 Words   |  6 Pagescomputers without having in mind that we may lose everything due to a mistake or an error that usually happen in computers. Also, we spent lots of our time dealing with technology like watching TV, play video games, or using cell phones; all these has an impact on our behavior. Both the supporter of technology and the opposing have good points of views that support the ideas of each one of them. Since technology like anything else in our life, it has both advantages and disadvantages. It is obviously thatRead MoreWhat Would The World Be Without Books, Magazines, And Newspapers848 Words   |  4 PagesWhat would the world be without books, magazines, and newspapers in printed forms? How would this impact readers of various ages? How would this impact populations in our culture without access to computers or the Internet? In my opinion, these are great discu ssion questions. I would like to take few minutes to take you on a journey back through time before I answer the question. I am in my mid-40s. In a month, my grandfather will celebrate his 100th birthday. I remember playing with his mother asRead MoreNegatives And Negatives Of Print1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe future of print communication lies within the direction of where print media is currently heading, digital. With that being said, print will never die; there will always be people who want to physically hold a book, a magazine, or a newspaper. Although it is not presumptuous to assume that the amount of print will decrease, it will however continue to live for decades to come. Print history will always have a crucial aspect in the linear advancements of technology. There are many ways to lookRead MoreEssay on Development of Mass Media1402 Words   |  6 Pagesmass media exist: radio, television, film, internet, email, blogs etc. Yet how these forms of media contribute to the growth of media, was never asked? Some would say that its solely because of the variety mediums, some would say that mediums was built for the 20th century, and some would say that mediums were destined and directed to grow to this point. Ever since the first form of mass media in the late 15th century called print, the dynamics of mass media continued to blossom. Mass media touches

The Rise of Christianity and Christian Art Essay - 2039 Words

In 313 AD the Emperor Constantine formally recognized the Christian religion. Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire, this event affected the way people thought and lived their lives. Had a great impact on how rulers viewed their power and used their powers. Such influence was portrayed in Christian art as we know today. Although Christianity was initially practiced within Semitic populations of the Roman Empire, by the 4th century A.D the Christian religion had a huge impact to the Greeks and also the early Byzantine Empire. But by this time Christian communities had been established in all the important cities in the Roman Empire. In 313 the next emperor Constantine legalized Christianity throughout the empire. He also†¦show more content†¦With such support from the state and the Emperor, the church was given a massive financial support, which was invested in the building of the Basilicas. They were used to perform rituals such as worship, baptism, prayers, scripture reading, preaching and recognition of the dead and the after life. The liturgy of the early churches was very plain. They were build on a rectangular classical floor plan. The Basilica floor plan was simple; consisting of a narthex (the outside building short end), apse, transept, and aisle such formation gives the idea of bui lding resembling to the cross. The early Christians were inspiration to represent such building to the cross. Once more this is part of the spiritual journey of Christianity. The other model was the central plan which would consist of a dome in the middle of the church. Were all the activities would take place. Like the worship and the baptismal ritual. This center plan was more common in the Eastern-Orthodox churches. This shows the heritage of Roman Christian art from the early ancestors such as the Greeks and the Middle East. A great example is the San Vitale in Ravenna which was an important Byzantine outpost in Italy. San Vitale was constructed under the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian in 547. This church has a domed central core whichShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of Christianity By Don Nardo1737 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Nicene Creed unified the beliefs of Christianity? The investigation will attempt to answer this question as best as possible. The focused time period will be from 313 AD to 325 AD. This is because practicing Christianity was made legal in Rome in 313 AD and the Nicene Creed was created and made the official statement of Christian beliefs in 325 AD. Also the investigation will focus mainly on events taken place in Rome. Unity, or lack thereof, in Christianity, events before and after the creationRead MoreThe Modern Era Of American History1555 Words   |  7 Pagesspurred societal reformation. However, these progressive ideals and values were met with fierce opposition in many regards that created a polarity in America between proponents of this new religion and advocates for the traditional old religion of Christianity and conservative principles. The 1920s served to utterly alter the values of American society with the genesis of unprecedented scientific knowledge and an end to World War I, both of which served to create a sharp divide between the new religionRead MoreAlexander The Great Of The Classical Greek Culture Essay1742 Word s   |  7 PagesAlexander also led the way in fashion and demonstrated how to enjoy pleasure in one’s life. The move from classical Greece to a more modern culture happened quickly. The Hellenistic culture became more self-indulgent as it focused on elaborate sculptures, art, jewelry, and even buildings. This more contemporary culture began to affect city planning; for the first time cities designed vast public spaces like parks and theatres, all of which lent themselves to pursuits of pleasure or a peaceful state of mindRead MoreChristianity And The Christian Church1473 Words   |  6 Pagesglobe, making up the cornerstone of Christ’s most important legacy, Christianity. It is a religion shaped entirely around Jesus’ personal philosophies and ideologies that has forever shaped the course of human history. In order to appreciate the importance of Christianity, first an understanding of the religion itself must be reached. The Christian church teaches that there is one God who created everything. Although Christians believe there is a singular God, he is split into three parts: FatherRead More Christinaity In Middle Ages Essay1143 Words   |  5 PagesChristianity in the Middle Ages Christianity played a major role throughout the Middle Ages in society and politics. The Middle Ages, classified from 600 AD to 1350 AD, was significantly effected by Christianity because of the impact it had on the daily lives of people of the time. The beginning of the Early Middle Ages, after the Fall of Rome in 476 AD and the period known as the Dark Ages, the reorganization of the empire brought a desire for faith and religion, primarily Christianity. ThisRead MoreThe Catholic Church during the 7th and 8th Century1213 Words   |  5 PagesEurope. Western Europe is grateful to its preservation due to the rise of the Church. Nothing would manage to survive in the middle ages, if there had not been the alliance of the churches with the barbarian royalty, contributing to the preservation of agriculture and literature, being meantime the conduit of learning. Several circumstances and some purely accidental factors were the indicators that highly contributed to the rise of the Church in the 6th century . The first issue is the unreclaimedRead MoreRoman Civilization943 Words   |  4 PagesNevertheless by the 3rd century A.D, Romans were on swift decline. This fast decline was caused by extreme changes in their civilization. The changes consisted of new leaders controlling the region, Rome becoming spilt up into two sections, and Christianity gaining all of religious control. There was very much a rapid downfall with many more changes as well, such as the spread of Roman law and trade .Many people say that decline is what made Rome so famous today. Rome was found by Romulus and hisRead MoreWhat Stands Beyond The Triumph Of Christianity1695 Words   |  7 Pages What Stands Beyond the Triumph of Christianity For several centuries of Roman Empire existence, it seemed that nothing could stand against its mighty power. No kingdom could match their military or political power for over five hundred years. However, the Rise of Christianity brought the defeat upon Romans. Initially, the new religion appeared to be nothing more than a branch of Judaism. Jesus was perceived as a teacher, healer, and a commoner, who ended up being executed as a public criminalRead MoreConstantine and His Effect on Christianity1518 Words   |  7 PagesConstantine and his effect on Christianity When we look back at Christianity over the years, there are several people who are remembered for their impact on the religion. The first most important figure was Jesus Christ. However, if we travel forward a bit, into the 4th Century we come across Constantine. Historians agree that Constantine served as an important component in the spread of Christianity. Although he spread the religion in a massive way, others wonder if his methods were more harmfulRead More Christianity According to St. Augustine and Machiavelli Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pages In St. Augustine’s book entitled Political Writings, one could see that Christianity plays a very important role in his view of politics. His opinion on the morality or lack of morality in politics, to me makes it more evident that Christianity persuades his views. Although it seems his writings have become quite well known and admired, not everyone fully shared his beliefs. Niccolo Machiavelli, for instance, seemed to believe in a government that was not driven by morality, but more by practicality

Current research into the health-related impact of bullying at work. Free Essays

Abstract This paper addresses the current state of research concerning the psychological and physical effects that bullying within the work place can have on the victim, both its immediate impact and in the long term. The effectiveness of the research method of large scale surveys as a means of determining these findings will be considered. Introduction A recurring issue that arises in the literature of bullying is that it is hard to define; it is a broad term that can be used for a continuum of cases, from a physical assualt to a verbal attack on a person’s character. We will write a custom essay sample on Current research into the health-related impact of bullying at work. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Currently the UK has no legal definition for what constitutes as bullying due to this inability to formally characterise it. UNISON (2003) defines it as â€Å"..persistent unacceptable ‘offensive, intimidating, malicious, insulting or humiliating behaviour, abuse of power or authority which attempts to undermine an individual or group of employees and which may cause them to suffer stress’†. Bullying can be carried out by individuals or groups (mobbing) and can occur at almost every level within an organisation. A survey conducted by Hoel and Cooper (2000) found the phenomenon was prevalent regardless of the sex, ethnicity or superiority, they also recorded that 68.5% of instances of bullying extend over a year. The profile of the victim is largely determined by the bullies want of power and control (Kurth, Spiller Travis, 2000), as such the victim will tend to have poor social and problem-solving skills (Cook et al., 2010), typically in lower superiority relati ve to the instigator. The bullying itself can be both blatant deliberate or subconscious acts, typically in a way that the victim in unable to defend against (CIPD, 2005), removing any sense of control. In order to do this without the risks (e.g. criminal charges or a morality issue), abuse in a workplace is largely indirect (or social aggression) (Daniel, 2006) and within the rules of the organisation. This typically will involve spreading rumours, being highly critical of their work and character, overload of work responsibilities or verbal and physical harassment. The role of power in the bully-victim relationship is best represented in what Fuller (2003) termed as â€Å"Rankism† whereby the bully exploits the disparity of their particular rank in a hierarchy; through the â€Å"superiority† within a company they reduce the risk of the victim reporting to a higher rank, leaving the victim feeling powerless and without options. This ability to abuse subordinates with impunity could explain its prevalence in supervisory roles, as reported by Namie Namie (2000). Effects The abuse can have an immediate detrimental effect of offence and humiliation, but when repeated over a period of time this can lead to severe psychological distress (Einarsen, 2003; Daniel 2006; Vartia, 2001) including stress, damaged self-esteem and confidence, overarousal, anxiety issues, depression, and- in some cases even suicide, all of which can carry over from the work environment to the victims social life in general-. The range of symptoms varies vastly depending on the severity of the attacks, the frequency and the duration it extends over unresolved. Stress is the biggest cause of sickness in the UK and workplace bullying contributes up to 50% of the total figures (Daniel, 2006). Einarsen (2003) found that mental health was beyond the threshold level where people would need to seek psychiatric consultation. Victims can develop somatic symptoms such as sleeping disorders or lowered resistance, leading to physical illnesses and a range of disorders (Sansone Sansone, 2008). The research from the CIPD (the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development) suggests that initially the victim will be unaware of the bullying and will interpret it as a professional standard, as such they will consider it a failing on their part, over time as the initial assaults are reinforced the victim can become exhausted, incapable of defending themselves and demoralised, their initial means of coping have been ineffective and it becomes a problem-solving issue. If the victim perceives the situation as their fault they can develop anxiety in performing their jobs; Turney (2003) cites a case where a lawyer was criticised so consistently that he lost confidence in performing simple tasks like writing letters. These findings however still have to account for the fact that some of the traits of bullying victims might themselves be pre-morbid, this is a major problem with large surveys: the level of vulnerability and sensitivity before and after cannot be made distinct; Coyne et al. (2000) raises the question as to what traits associated to the effects of bullying are in fact pre-existing traits that are targeted by the bully. Einarsen (2003) gives the example of re-experiencing the event(s) as something that could be directly linked to a symptom of bullying, but a quality like a negative attitude has been found to be part of the profile of a â€Å"typical† victim (Cook et al., 2010). If there is such a thing as a predisposed victim, their inclusion could distort the outcome of the research in determining the true effects of bullying. Mechanism In a culture where people identify themselves by their jobs, when their inferiority in this is brought into question, it naturally carries over to their identity, leading to low self-esteem; in some cases resulting in abandoning the idea of finding employment again (CIPD, 2005). Surveys have shown that some common coping reactions are regression to substance abuse, eating disorders, social isolation and internalisation tactics (Sansone Sansone, 2008; CIPD, 2005; Daniel, 2006); Einsarsen sees it as their perception of their environment becoming that of hostility where simple tasks can become acts of self-recrimination. Daniel (2006) reports that roughly 25% of the victims leave their jobs as a result of the bullying without even reporting the incident. There exists no model that can fully explain the complex mechanism by which bullying induces the varied symptoms. Mark Smith (2008) reviewed the twelve most significant models of how work related stress could produce its symptoms: none of them can be deemed satisfactory in reproducing the true statistics- considering the range of symptoms, the variation in the sector, variation of profiles, and the diverse nature of the human psyche, this is not unexpected. Conclusion The current level of understanding of bullying and its effects of the victim is in a state of arrested development- it is possible to predict how being bullied will create a stressful state of mind, but the variation in possible characters and their ability to cope with abuse makes the mechanism of symptom production hugely complex. It is possible to predict a victim based on a profile as Coyne et al. (2000) suggests, but the relationship between duration, severity, frequency of the abuse and the development of psychological responses means the impact on the health of the victim is highly unpredictable. Word count: 1065 References CIPD, (2005). Bullying at work: beyond policies to a culture of respect. Retrieved 17/12/2012 from [http://www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/D9105C52-7FED-42EA-A557-D1785DF6D34F/0/bullyatwork0405.pdf] Cook, C.R., Williams, K.R., Guerra, N.G., Kim, T.E. Sadek, S. (2010). Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: a meta-analytic investigation. School Psychology Quarterly, 25(2), pp. 65-83. American Psychological Association. Coyne, I., Seigne, E. Randall, P. (2000) Predicting workplace victim status from personality. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 9(3), pp. 335-349. Taylor Francis Daniel, T.A. (2006). Bullies in the workplace: A focus on the â€Å"abusive disrespect† of employees. SHRM Whitepapers. Retrieved 16/12/2012 from [http://moss07.shrm.org/Research/Articles/Articles/Pages/CMS_018341.aspx.] Einarsen, S. (2003). Individual effects of exposure to bullying at work. Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace: International Perspectives in Research and Practice. London: Taylor Francis. Fuller, Robert W. (2003). Somebodies and Nobodies: Overcoming the Abuse of Rank. Gabriola Island, Canada: New Society Publishers. Hoel, H., Cooper, C.L., (2000). Destruction conflict and bullying at work. UMIST Survey. Retrieved 16/12/2012 from [http://www.socialpartnershipforum.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/UMIST%20report.pdf ] Kurth, S. B., Spiller, B.B., Travis, C. B. (2000). Consent, power and sexual scripts: Deconstructing sexual harassment. In C. B. Travis J. W. White (Eds.), Sexuality, society and feminism, pp. 323-354. Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association. Mark,G.M. Smith,A.P. 2008. Stress models: A review and suggested new direction. Vol. 3.Nottingham University Press. .Namie, G., Namie, R. (2000). The bully at work: What you can do to stop the hurt and reclaim your dignity on the job. Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, Inc. Rick, J., Perryman, S., Young, K., Guppy A. Hillage, J. (1998). Workplace trauma and its management: a review of the literature. IES Report. Retrieved 17/12/2012 from [http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/crr_pdf/1998/crr98170.pdf] Sansone, R.A. Sansone, L.A. (2008) Bully Victims: Psychological and Somatic Aftermaths. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 5(6), pp. 62–64. Turney, L. (2003) Mental health and workplace bullying: The role of power, professions and on the job training. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 2(2), [http://www.auseinet.com/journal/vol2iss2/turney.pdf] UNISON, (2003). Bullying at work. Retrieved 16/12/2012 from [http://www.unison.org.uk/acrobat/13375.pdf] Vartia, M. (2001) Consequences of workplace bullying with respect to the well-being of its target and the observers of bullying. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 27(1), pp. 203-214. How to cite Current research into the health-related impact of bullying at work., Essays

Clinical Psychology and Gerontology Aging Studies

Question: Discuss about theClinical Psychology and Gerontology for Aging Studies. Answer: Introduction The advertisement shows the anti-wrinkle products that claim to reduce the wrinkles and fine lines in less than sixty minutes. The target audience is the aged women of 45-65 years from middle-aged to older women who wants to reverse the signs of ageing. The anti-wrinkle products target the women who are extending their twenties and past middle age. These anti-wrinkles products not only promote to reverse the early signs of ageing but also prevent the characteristics of ageing before the ageing process naturally sets in. These advertisements have a psychological impact on the women. It aims to exploit the insecurities in the target audience. It has an effect on the women who feels that they are getting aged and their looks are getting hampered due to the ageing process (Cruikshank, 2013). They feel that the ageing process has already begun and it will continue in a rapid way. Moreover, these anti-wrinkle advertisements feature famous models and actresses and it is also a reason for th e women to get attracted by these anti-wrinkle products. These advertisements use bold words and phrases like age defying, lifting, and plumping that affects the target audience quickly and effectively. The target audience feels that happiness is associated with appearance and beauty is of paramount importance. It has a very bad impact on the women promoting injustice, inequality, contradictions and irrationalities prevailing in the society (Rudman, 2015). It also conveys the message that beauty is associated with the appearance of youth. These anti-wrinkle advertisements have an overall bad impact on the target audience filling them with fear and insecurities in the women. People stereotype elderly people based on age that is featured in these anti-wrinkle advertisements. These advertisements show stereotype that features the aged women through a lens of diminished beauty, value and reflects and reinforces the societys attitude towards getting old (Brooks, Bichard Craig, 2016). It shows a distorted view of ageing in the women and emphasizes the burden of the ageing population. The negative stereotypes that portray the older women who are ignored and dissatisfied with the ageing process are widely used in these advertisements. It portrays the negative stereotypes about ageism in the society and standard anti-ageing messages that are impossible for these products to attain. The negative images portray negative stereotypes more deeply and entrench confirmed beliefs about the ageing process. People believe in the negative effects of the ageing and starts feeling bad about getting old. It also reflects the various stereotypes of how the society treats the older generation. It shows media illiteracy and negative stereotypes about the old aged people. The anti-ageing products reflect the ageism that depicts stereotype and discrimination in the society based on the single trait of old age. The stereotype and devaluing of the elderly people have significant negative impact on the aged population affecting their behavior, self-esteem and psychological well-being (Hearn Wray, 2015). The advertisements show the negative stereotype that the old age women are not beautiful and having youthful skin is the only way to look beautiful and stay happy. It also has positive stereotypes that defying ageing is the way to age successfully, however, negative stereotypes have more impact that these advertisements displays. The anti-ageing advertisements show the cultural stereotypes that depict the fair women with a flawless and cosmopolitan image. The cultural reverence is depicted through the fair skin and it is regarded as the definition of beauty (Brown Knight, 2015). It creates a mindset that glorification of fair, anti-wrinkle skin is the way to become beautiful and promote happiness. It also creates a color bias that perpetuates prejudice and hatred that are deep-seated in the mind of the viewers. For example, some countries have diverse culture; however, the minorities or ethnic groups are under presented in these advertisements. They only feature fair and flawless skin and does not reflect the actual changing demographics of the society. Ageing is a natural process that occurs in men and women both. However, the old aged women are stereotyped in the advertisements reflecting insecurity in them (Ylnne, 2015). The discoloration and removal of fine lines in the skin using simulated imagery used in the advertisements reflect that fair and flawless skin is the only way to look beautiful. The wrinkles and fine lines shown in the advertisements depicts that they are not beautiful and should be avoided by the old aged women to look beautiful. The wrinkles and fine lines happen to appear during ageing and women are not the only one who has them. There are no anti-ageing advertisements that target men. The old women can look beautiful with wrinkles and it is a natural process that cannot be denied using anti-wrinkle products. While neglecting the negative impacts and cultural stereotypes, the anti-ageing advertisement has positive impact on the older population. They are in high demand among the women despite the advertisements. The before and after images that the dermitage product provides give a visual representation of the product's effectiveness (Phau, 2017). It is an effective process that demonstrates the efficacy of the dermitage product. The product can achieve its purpose by promoting positive feelings of pleasure and confidence and focus to boost self-esteem, joy, happiness and social acceptance among the target audience. It could also show the positive effects of the therapy in reducing wrinkles in less than sixty minutes without any side effects that would help to achieve the purpose of the product. The reduction of fine lines and wrinkles within an hour could have a great impact on the target audience. The advertisement could also promote women from the ethnic or diverse culture that would h elp the minorities to use this product and get benefitted (Kaur, Arumugam Yunus, 2013). Moreover, the advertisement could also show the organic and natural ingredients used in the product claiming no harmful effects on the skin. The product should display that it cannot delay, mask or prevent premature ageing and would provide temporary effects on ageing. The product should not claim to rejuvenate or cure the early signs of ageing and delay. They should provide subjective claim rather than an objective claim for the product. It should not have a physiological claim like the rejuvenation of the skin, natural cell renewal and stimulation, boost the natural skin structure and works by penetrating the skin. Therefore, by using these strategies, the advertisement can achieve its purpose without depicting negative age or cultural stereotype. References Brooks, M. E., Bichard, S., Craig, C. (2016). What's the Score?: A Content Analysis of Mature Adults in Super Bowl Commercials.Howard Journal of Communications,27(4), 347-366. Brown, A., Knight, T. (2015). Shifts in media images of women appearance and social status from 1960 to 2010: A content analysis of beauty advertisements in two Australian magazines.Journal of aging studies,35, 74-83. Cruikshank, M. (2013).Learning to be old: Gender, culture, and aging. Rowman Littlefield. Hearn, J., Wray, S. (2015). Gender. Implications of a contested area.Twigg, Julia; Wendy Martin (Hg.) Routledge Handbook of Cultural Gerontology. London: Routledge, 201-209. Kaur, K., Arumugam, N., Yunus, N. M. (2013). Beauty product advertisements: A critical discourse analysis.Asian social science,9(3), 61. Phau, I. (2017). Volume 29, Issue 1 Editorial-2017.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,29(1). Rudman, D. L. (2015). Embodying positive aging and neoliberal rationality: Talking about the aging body within narratives of retirement.Journal of aging studies,34, 10-20. Ylnne, V. (2015). Representations of ageing in the media.Routledge Handbook of Cultural Gerontology, 369-376.

Clinical Psychology and Gerontology Aging Studies

Question: Discuss about theClinical Psychology and Gerontology for Aging Studies. Answer: Introduction The advertisement shows the anti-wrinkle products that claim to reduce the wrinkles and fine lines in less than sixty minutes. The target audience is the aged women of 45-65 years from middle-aged to older women who wants to reverse the signs of ageing. The anti-wrinkle products target the women who are extending their twenties and past middle age. These anti-wrinkles products not only promote to reverse the early signs of ageing but also prevent the characteristics of ageing before the ageing process naturally sets in. These advertisements have a psychological impact on the women. It aims to exploit the insecurities in the target audience. It has an effect on the women who feels that they are getting aged and their looks are getting hampered due to the ageing process (Cruikshank, 2013). They feel that the ageing process has already begun and it will continue in a rapid way. Moreover, these anti-wrinkle advertisements feature famous models and actresses and it is also a reason for th e women to get attracted by these anti-wrinkle products. These advertisements use bold words and phrases like age defying, lifting, and plumping that affects the target audience quickly and effectively. The target audience feels that happiness is associated with appearance and beauty is of paramount importance. It has a very bad impact on the women promoting injustice, inequality, contradictions and irrationalities prevailing in the society (Rudman, 2015). It also conveys the message that beauty is associated with the appearance of youth. These anti-wrinkle advertisements have an overall bad impact on the target audience filling them with fear and insecurities in the women. People stereotype elderly people based on age that is featured in these anti-wrinkle advertisements. These advertisements show stereotype that features the aged women through a lens of diminished beauty, value and reflects and reinforces the societys attitude towards getting old (Brooks, Bichard Craig, 2016). It shows a distorted view of ageing in the women and emphasizes the burden of the ageing population. The negative stereotypes that portray the older women who are ignored and dissatisfied with the ageing process are widely used in these advertisements. It portrays the negative stereotypes about ageism in the society and standard anti-ageing messages that are impossible for these products to attain. The negative images portray negative stereotypes more deeply and entrench confirmed beliefs about the ageing process. People believe in the negative effects of the ageing and starts feeling bad about getting old. It also reflects the various stereotypes of how the society treats the older generation. It shows media illiteracy and negative stereotypes about the old aged people. The anti-ageing products reflect the ageism that depicts stereotype and discrimination in the society based on the single trait of old age. The stereotype and devaluing of the elderly people have significant negative impact on the aged population affecting their behavior, self-esteem and psychological well-being (Hearn Wray, 2015). The advertisements show the negative stereotype that the old age women are not beautiful and having youthful skin is the only way to look beautiful and stay happy. It also has positive stereotypes that defying ageing is the way to age successfully, however, negative stereotypes have more impact that these advertisements displays. The anti-ageing advertisements show the cultural stereotypes that depict the fair women with a flawless and cosmopolitan image. The cultural reverence is depicted through the fair skin and it is regarded as the definition of beauty (Brown Knight, 2015). It creates a mindset that glorification of fair, anti-wrinkle skin is the way to become beautiful and promote happiness. It also creates a color bias that perpetuates prejudice and hatred that are deep-seated in the mind of the viewers. For example, some countries have diverse culture; however, the minorities or ethnic groups are under presented in these advertisements. They only feature fair and flawless skin and does not reflect the actual changing demographics of the society. Ageing is a natural process that occurs in men and women both. However, the old aged women are stereotyped in the advertisements reflecting insecurity in them (Ylnne, 2015). The discoloration and removal of fine lines in the skin using simulated imagery used in the advertisements reflect that fair and flawless skin is the only way to look beautiful. The wrinkles and fine lines shown in the advertisements depicts that they are not beautiful and should be avoided by the old aged women to look beautiful. The wrinkles and fine lines happen to appear during ageing and women are not the only one who has them. There are no anti-ageing advertisements that target men. The old women can look beautiful with wrinkles and it is a natural process that cannot be denied using anti-wrinkle products. While neglecting the negative impacts and cultural stereotypes, the anti-ageing advertisement has positive impact on the older population. They are in high demand among the women despite the advertisements. The before and after images that the dermitage product provides give a visual representation of the product's effectiveness (Phau, 2017). It is an effective process that demonstrates the efficacy of the dermitage product. The product can achieve its purpose by promoting positive feelings of pleasure and confidence and focus to boost self-esteem, joy, happiness and social acceptance among the target audience. It could also show the positive effects of the therapy in reducing wrinkles in less than sixty minutes without any side effects that would help to achieve the purpose of the product. The reduction of fine lines and wrinkles within an hour could have a great impact on the target audience. The advertisement could also promote women from the ethnic or diverse culture that would h elp the minorities to use this product and get benefitted (Kaur, Arumugam Yunus, 2013). Moreover, the advertisement could also show the organic and natural ingredients used in the product claiming no harmful effects on the skin. The product should display that it cannot delay, mask or prevent premature ageing and would provide temporary effects on ageing. The product should not claim to rejuvenate or cure the early signs of ageing and delay. They should provide subjective claim rather than an objective claim for the product. It should not have a physiological claim like the rejuvenation of the skin, natural cell renewal and stimulation, boost the natural skin structure and works by penetrating the skin. Therefore, by using these strategies, the advertisement can achieve its purpose without depicting negative age or cultural stereotype. References Brooks, M. E., Bichard, S., Craig, C. (2016). What's the Score?: A Content Analysis of Mature Adults in Super Bowl Commercials.Howard Journal of Communications,27(4), 347-366. Brown, A., Knight, T. (2015). Shifts in media images of women appearance and social status from 1960 to 2010: A content analysis of beauty advertisements in two Australian magazines.Journal of aging studies,35, 74-83. Cruikshank, M. (2013).Learning to be old: Gender, culture, and aging. Rowman Littlefield. Hearn, J., Wray, S. (2015). Gender. Implications of a contested area.Twigg, Julia; Wendy Martin (Hg.) Routledge Handbook of Cultural Gerontology. London: Routledge, 201-209. Kaur, K., Arumugam, N., Yunus, N. M. (2013). Beauty product advertisements: A critical discourse analysis.Asian social science,9(3), 61. Phau, I. (2017). Volume 29, Issue 1 Editorial-2017.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,29(1). Rudman, D. L. (2015). Embodying positive aging and neoliberal rationality: Talking about the aging body within narratives of retirement.Journal of aging studies,34, 10-20. Ylnne, V. (2015). Representations of ageing in the media.Routledge Handbook of Cultural Gerontology, 369-376.

12 Signs Youre Underselling Your Freelance Writing Services

12 Signs Youre Underselling Your Freelance Writing Services Youre living the dream as a freelance writerexcept its less like a dream and more like a nightmare. Barely scraping by, exhausted, resentful, hating writing even though you used to love it and at one tie thought that this would be the perfect job. What happened? Where did things go wrong? Chances are pretty good that it can be traced back to one simple cause: youre underselling your freelance writing services. Are You Underselling Your Freelance Writing Services? There are 12 signs youre underselling your freelance writing services and you might be surprised at how many you can identify with. If you find one that you know youre guilty of, tweet it and help out your fellow freelance writers. Maybe its time you considered raising your prices. 1. You havent raised your prices in a while. Are you still using those super-competitive 1970s prices? A year or two or five goes by quickly.  Its easy to forget that you need to revisit your pricing and consider upping it to meet current industry levels. You need to make a living in the 21st century, not the 20th. Your prices must reflect that. Of course, maybe you already know this but you hate to inform current clients of price increases because youre afraid to lose them, or dread their response. How do you go about raising prices and setting your minimum acceptable rate? Youll need information. Whats the going rate in your area for what youre doing? How much money do you need to live? What are your business expenses? How much work do you currently have? Is more available? Knowing your clients, how many do you think will go away after a price raise? How many will stay? Once you know the facts (with #4 being an educated guess), uniformly raise your prices to be competitive and contact all of your clients. Be careful about giving one client a deal and not another; word gets around. Consider this strange thought: sometimes higher prices bring you into a new bracket of clients and can actually open doors for you that your lower prices would not. Mistake 1: You havent raised your prices in the past two years. 2. You are overloaded and overwhelmed with work. Youre working more than you ever did andmaking less. You could write a magazine article for $500 or you could write 25 blog posts for $20. While the magazine article will take hard work, it is one project, one client, one deadline, and one (if you want to think of it this way) headache. 25 blog posts means 25 deadlines, 25 clients, and a lot more management time as well as topics you need to write about. Its your choice: take every little low-priced piece of work that comes your way, or draw a line in the sand as a standard that you wont go below and stick by it. And that line? It has to be a livable line, i.e. enough money to live off of with a reasonable amount of time left for enjoying life. Mistake 2: Youre working more, but earning less. 3. Your clients dont even attempt to negotiate. Were not saying you should pick prices that are high enough to make your clients stop breathing when you announce them, but if you notice that your prices dont even make them pause and try to negotiate, maybe youre aiming too low. Negotiation isnt a sign that someone thinks youre trying to rip them off and that they need to get your pricing back in line. Instead, its a sign that they actually want your product, and are willing to do a little work to see if they cant get it on their terms. Negotiation is sometimes the sign of someone sticking around, not someone leaving. Dont set prices low so as to avoid negotiation. Set them higher to be in a better position for it. Mistake 3: Your clients dont attempt to negotiate. 4. Youre satisfied with less money and think exposure will pay the bills. Well sure, money sounds great. But if you lower the bar so that we can only pay you $10 dollars for your magazine article but youll get exposure doesnt raise alarm bells, you arent going to be freelancing for long. Youll be working a regular job and writing on the side. Small (or no) payment writing is often tagged with the promise of exposure. What is the price on that? Can you put exposure in your savings account? Evaluate just how valuable exposure is, and if the exposure a client promises can actually benefit you. Freelance writing will cover many topics. Many of the things youll write about will be wholly unrelated to each other, and to you as a writer. Exposure in that genre doesnt mean much. The clients audience probably doesnt care about you.  Is the audience of this client interested in finding a freelance writer, or are they interested in the topic? If its the latter, they dont care who you are and what you do, and never will. They are the clients fans, not your fans. Dont forget youre the hired pen. The client needs your output, not you personally. Letting their audience know about your output is a nice ego boost, but it wont bring much back to you. That sounds harsh, but when you are earning your living, you dont have time for ego boosts. Rethink how you think about money. Understand the difference between a pittance and a paycheck. Mistake 4: Youll take less money and bank on exposure to pay the bills. Your time has value. Stop giving it away for free. 5. You have yet to equate time with money. Time = money. You have limited time. You determine what that time is worth. If you dont understand this, youll never appreciate how those low-priced freelance projects are actually a loss, and not real income. Youll only make a success out of taking low-paying jobs if you never sleep and have discovered a 30-hour day. For the rest of us, we must look at projects not only in terms of the money, but the time it is going to take us to earn that money and if it is worth it. How much time do you need for your family? How much time do you need for yourself to recharge? How much time do you have available if youre working a part-time job? Its all an equation, and youd better do the calculations because your time is definitely limited. Itd be a shame to trade an hour for $15 when someone else would have given you $50. If you dont understand that time equals money, youll get to know sleep-deprived exhaustion well, and mistake it for earning a living. Mistake 5: You dont equate time with money. 6. You dont think youre an expert. Ever thought anything like this? Im not good enough to write about that. I dont know enough. That other writer probably knows more than I do. No one would care what I had to say. You think youre a fraud. In some ways, expertise is a form of confidence, not knowledge. It is always just beyond our reach, and that means we operate one step out of our comfort zone and have to gather the courage and confidence to project a landing on the other side. Maybe you cant write detailed magazine articles about brain surgery, but you can grab at those topics youd never considered that dont require specialist knowledge. That gap between what you comfortably know, and what you are supposed to produce, is often closed by research, practice, and a proven system involving drafts and editing. Take the small leaps and become an expert when you stick the landing. Thats how you keep growing as a writer. Mistake 6: You dont think youre an expert. 7. You prefer to be safe above anything else. Theres nothing wrong with being safe. Preferring safety above all else, though, means youll grab any low-paying job that floats by. Its money. You need money. Not having money is scary. Its safe to take on anything that brings in money.  Youd never consider turning down a chance to earn money, youd never gamble that something bigger and better is out there, because that is most certainly unsafe. I cant make promises and say that if you refuse the jobs that are priced to low, refuse the almost-free jobs that promise some form of exposure, that the Big One will land in your lap. It might not. Thats why its called a gamble: you sometimes take a chance and turn down those safe choices and set yourself up for the larger opportunities. Youll never land the Big One if you dont plan for it, and that planning wont happen when youre juggling endless low-paying jobs. Mistake 7: You prefer to be safe more than anything. 8. Youre terrified of confrontation. Youd rather do anything–ANYTHING–than deal with confrontation. But you know what negotiation is? Confrontation. And you know what asking for a livable rate is? Confrontation. Youre confronting the clients sincere desire to save money with your sincere desire to make a living. The best thing to do to get over being afraid of confrontation is to confront. You dont have to be aggressive, but letting your freelancing work be ruled by a fear of confrontation turns you into a doormat. Oh, how tempting it is for a client to use that fear of confrontation to get you to write a few extra draft ideas or give us some options or throw in a few hundred more words at the last minute before you get paid. Not all confrontation is angry, but it should be about fairness towards you and the client. And yes, some confrontation might lead to the end of a client account. Accept it and move on. Mistake 8: Youre terrified of confrontation. Learning to say no to clients is terrifying, but will help you get your work-life balance back. 9. The word no has yet to enter your vocabulary. Saying the word no is the only way youll keep your sanity, your health, and your abilities. Saying yes to everyone and every project is definitely going to lead to writer burnout and resentment. No, you dont have to take every project. No, being desperate is not always a good reason. No, you dont have time for that project though that doesnt mean the project isnt worthwhile for someone else. And  yes, its OK to ask to get paid some or all up front. Mistake 9: You dont know how to say no. 10. Your only goal is paying rent. What kind of goal do you have with your writing? Is it merely to cover this months bills, or to pay off debt that controls your life? Hopefully, you have something larger in mind for your lifes work. While you may not want to write down a comprehensive business plan, it certainly helps you to write down what you want to see happen with your writing, and then give it a timeline. For example,  if you have considerable debt or financial obligations that are driving you to take any and all jobs out of desperation, it might not hurt to get a side job for a while. Put debt reduction on the timeline and plan it out so you have an end goal to look forward to as you move on to the next step. Your writing should have a bigger goal than keeping you out of the hangmans noose. Hopefully, you want to achieve something more from your writing, such as being a published author with a book, or having a blog with X amount of daily traffic that you can live off of. Until you are out of the grip of financial terror, you wont even consider such goals and you wont take any steps to choose clients that can help you reach those goals. Youll take whatever you can get before the next bill is due. Your writing deserves to be more than insurance from debtors prison. Mistake 10: Your only goal is paying rent. 11. You are embarrassed to talk about yourself. Humility is in short supply these days, unfortunately, but when it comes to finding work and promoting yourself to a potential client, you need to be able talk about yourself realistically. For some people, talking about themselves, and talking themselves up is natural. But for some artists and writers (myself included), talking about your abilities in even mildly positive terms is very challenging because it feels like bragging. When asked, you dont have to say I am the greatest writer ever! but you should be able to say I have the experience and I can write this for you. If you find yourself quickly getting used to self-promotion, a word of caution: Dont over-promise and find yourself in a mess later because you actually dont have the chops to deliver what you promised. Be honest about what your abilities are. This includes things like: How quickly you can work. How many projects you can manage at once. What topics you are able to write on. Whether you can work with other writers or designers on a project. Technological capabilities. Do you know how youd answer if asked any of these? If not, this is a good time to take stock of what you can do, and be ready to answer confidently. Be confident, not cocky, about yourself. Theres no shame in that. Mistake 11: You are embarrassed to talk about yourself. 12. You think pricing is the only reason clients come back. A low price might be the only reason clients come back if their sole goal is saving a buck. (Do you really want those clients?) You forget that amazing service, fantastic writing, and an overall slice of awesome will trump cheap every time for clients worth your time. When you know you have the skills and the ability to deliver a great product, you can confidently ask for higher rates. And, when you deliver, your clients will have no problem the next time they come back for additional writing services. Clients who come back because you have cheap prices are clients that are going to make your life miserable. They arent there because of what you can do, theyre there because of what they plan to do. Theyre bean counters and are going to wring every last free drop out of you that they can. There is a strange inverse connection between the amount a client pays and the noise level they make. Clients that are at the level where they understand legitimate pricing also are professional enough to not bother or micromanage you. They trust your skills, as a professional. Cheap is cheap.

The shawshank Redemption, essays

The shawshank Redemption, essays A film has: Conflict, Action, Dialogue, Setting, Atmosphere and Point of view. Choose two of these and, with close reference to The Shawshank Redemption, show how they are used to aid the communication of a key theme from the film. Hope is a key theme in The Shawshank Redemption. Two major elements that are used to aid the communication of this theme are Conflict is used throughout the entire film to highlight the key theme of hope. A prime example of this conflict is Ellis Redding (Red) who is in conflict with himself. Red simply refuses to have any hope in his prison life. Red believes that hope is a dangerous thing and after meeting Andy Dufresne is in a constant battle with himself, trying not to trust in hope after witnessing it destroy many people before him. It is noticeable that Red is afraid of hope for the same reason. Reds conflict becomes more evident when Andy gives him a harmonica, only a short period after Andys debate with Red about music freeing the soul and the fact the hope is a good thing. Even in darkness of his cell, Red only dares to blow his harmonica once and reacts by clenching it tightly, frightened by the idea that music frees the soul and the hope that Andy Dialogue plays a vital part in the communication of the main idea of hope. Most of the dialogue that involves hope has Andy involved and a good example of this dialogue is when Andy is let out of the hole after playing the music over the loud speaker. Andy describes how the music cannot be taken away from him. Andy then asks Red if he has ever felt that way about music and Red talks about playing a harmonica when he was younger and says that it didnt make much sense on the inside. Andy is shocked and insist that it makes the most sense on the inside and the importance of it to remind of the outside world and hope. Red replies saying Hope is a dange ...

Personal statement for Appllication to Master of Financial engineering

For Appllication to Master of Financial engineering - Personal Statement Example For the first time, I realized that certain patterns can be discovered in something which is apparently random. This was a revelation to me and it ignited my interest in Analytical Math. I became an avid reader of books on Number Psychology, Odds Formation and Investment Strategy. I tremendously enjoyed using Analytical Math to predict game outcomes. I even formulated my personal odds model and way of analysis. In fact, I can often accurately predict the bookmaker William Hill’s odds of success! The more I delved into the subject, the more I fell in love with numbers! After graduating from High School, I visited an uncle who works in a large investment firm in China. During my time with him, I perceived that mathematical analysis is not just the perfect prediction tool for fun games – it is also a practical instrument in the world of business. Statistical analysis is the most reliable means of accurately predicting organizational performance. The commercial applications of mathematical analysis again impressed me as I observed my father’s work as the Manager of an export/import company. It was wonderful to know that Mathematics, the love of my life, is also one of the most powerful tools in commerce! I began to see the outlines of my future career and the path to its realization. My parents, both of whom hold graduate degrees, are living examples of the life-changing empowerment of strong academic qualifications. They show me that any successful career needs to be firmly founded on impeccable academic credentials. My mother is the Dean at the College of Education at Shenyang Normal University. I believe that it is of crucial importance to find well-qualified mentors to serve as guides on an educational voyage. As the first step in my own journey, I chose to do my Bachelor of Science in Applied Mathematics at Georgia Tech. During the past four years, I

Comparative Analysis of Case Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Comparative Analysis of Case Studies - Essay Example Enterprise Resource Planning System can be termed as a business software system that assists an organization in running efficiently its resources. Resources in this case can be the finance, the human resource, the materials, or anything that can be managed in that specific organization. The ERP assists the organization in that it provides a complicated solution to the company’s information processing systems wants. The work of the ERP is so easy. Firstly, by allowing the management of the data, which at times is usually integrated in the whole organization. This therefore means that it acts as a transaction processing system. Additionally, it also acts as a workflow management system in that it helps in the management of the many flows that occurs within the organization. In order for information and data to be processed and transacted correctly, the ERP provides a successful of an information technologies system. This is by assisting in the flow of information and any conditi on, which is set. By preventing redundancy of data, entering wrong data, and assisting in the calculation, the ERP assists the company to indulge itself in a competitive world by minimizing the cost incurred. This paper uses the six case studies to assist the managers to achieve the full purpose of the ERP. It analyses the implementation process of the ERP in six companies. The companies include the Rolls-Royce Company, the Dutch construction firms, Pratt and Whitney Canada, Gujrat Heavy Chemicals limited, Texas Instrument and a soft drink bottler. Some of the organizations listed here tried to implement the system and failed while some of them implemented it and succeeded. Implementation phase case study of the Rolls Royce In the implementation phase of the Rolls Royce, this stage proved to be far too large therefore forcing the management to half it into waves. The two waves contained some two things in common. Firstly, it was involved in the implementation of its architecture and its physical. In addition to that, they were both concerned with the modifying the working practices that the organization had. The first wave involved the replacement of the legacy systems in the organization. It should be noted that the SFDM commonly referred to as the shop floor data management was introduced in this phase. The main aim of the first wave was to actually offer new potential for the operations that consisted the gas turbine (Yusuf et al, 2004). The second stage involved the implementation of the human resource, the logistics, the engine assembly, and the spare parts elements. This process occurred one year later. The replacement of the old system with the new system was to occur once the new system responded positively. The Rolls Royce understood that their system was big enough so they gave it quite sometime before the ERP was launched. This proved to be working in their favor. Since the company contains many different steps, the company took its time in understa nding the whole process and gave it its whole energy. However, the management should clearly grasp the implementation of the system. For such an expensive system, the management s

Comparing and contrasting the information presented by Glaze and Essay

Comparing and contrasting the information presented by Glaze and Forster - Essay Example They move from one grove section in the village to another and camp at groves, which become recognised as initiation posts. The forest can also be considered a grove. The Senufo people have a secret society of men called the Poro with the members called Colobele and one member called a Colo. This society has different age grades which have differing responsibilities. According to Forster, the minor age group consists of men aged 20 years (Forster, 1993). A more senior Poro tests the younger age grade by asking them â€Å"passwords† using the secret language of the society. The age group above the junior Poro also teaches the junior Poro the work they should do. In the farmer’s category, the junior Poro carry out tasks in the field where they are not allowed to speak to other members in the village. When comparing the two, Glaze (1986) mainly focuses on the ceremonial activities. She explains activities such as the initiation ceremony. As per her explanation, the junior Poro use their masks to story tell. This activity by Poro happens to be the only similarity in the activities between Glaze’s and Forster’s explanation. The Poro practice different activities in their daily routine. Some of these practises have a spiritual inclination, whereas others have a practical inclination. The activities described by Glaze have the spiritual inclination (Glaze, 1986). These revolve around rituals such as initiation, funerals and use of masquerades. Those described by Forster seek practical solutions such as food, making equipment and ornaments. Forster also goes on to describe spiritual activities such as dancing in the masks (Forster, 1993). The spiritual activities have ceremonies such as initiation whereby procedures with a symbolic meaning occur. For the practical procedures, goals such as obtaining food, making equipment and ornaments happen to be the main objective. The Senufo people have various forms

Marketing Essays Mars Bar Marketing

Marketing Essays Mars Bar Marketing Mars Bar Marketing The Marketing Strategy for the Mars Bar in the United Kingdom In this report a strategic analysis will be made of a Mar’s Bar (as opposed to the Brand) I think you have this wrong – a Mars Bar is a mix of milk, chocolate, glucose, etc! – you mean, I think, a review of Mars Bar as a product, rather than a review of the Mars Company as a whole. Mars is both an item of confectionary and a leading global brand recognisable almost anywhere in the world. NO, Mars is a global confectionary brand and the Mars Bar is one of its flagship products! There will be a detailed examination of the integration between strategic aims and marketing actions. Mars strategy and relationship between its target market segments will be examined, along with its products and services offered to the different customer groups and promotional activities. The links between the external environment, (PEST, Porter), business strategy and marketing will be evaluated. A Mars’ bar is in essence chocolate-malt nougat topped with a layer of caramel and covered with milk chocolate. In the United States, it is known as the Milky Way bar. (There was a Mars bar in the United States, but it was discontinued in 2000. It was then re-launched under the new name the Snickers Almond bar.) Mars Incorporated is a family owned company that produces some of the world’s leading confectionery; food and pet care products and has a growing beverage and health nutrition businesses. Headquartered in McLean, Virginia, Mars Incorporated operates in more than 65 countries and employs more than 40,000 associates worldwide. The company’s global sales are approximately $21 billion annually. Founded in 1911, the company manufactures and markets a variety of products under many of the world’s most recognizable trademarks, including MILKYWAY ®, MM’s ®, SNICKERS ®, MARS ®, UNCLE BEN’S ® Rice, and PEDIGREE ® and WHISKAS ® pet care products. Frank Mars was born in Minnesota, USA in 1882. Due to mild polio his walking was impaired. His mother taught him to hand dip chocolate as a means to keep him entertained. Frank married in 1902 and in 1904, Forrest Mars Sr. was born, in Minnesota. Frank Mars and his second wife started making and selling butter cream candies from their third home in Washington, in 1911. This led them to renting their first candy factory, the Mars Candy factory Inc, which employed 125 staff. In 1920, Frank moved to a larger site in Minnesota, which he called nougat house. The Mar-o-bar was introduced to the candy range in 1922. With a larger site for distribution of this candy the Mar-o-bar company was launched. After three years of researching, the Milky Way candy bar was introduced and was an instant success. Sales increased and more staff were hired. In 1929 Mars incorporated, now with 200 staff, relocates from Minneapolis to Chicago. The central location of Chicago offers a better railroad access to the rest of the country. The Snickers bar is launched in 1930. Forrest Mars Snr arrives in the UK, in Slough to start his own business in 1932. The Mars confectionary business diversifies with the acquisition of the dog food business in the UK.W hen? Porter’s 5 Five Forces Analysis of Mars Bar Power of Suppliers The power of suppliers is low. As supplies are mainly commodities – cocoa, sugar, malt etc. there is low differentiation in the supplies. Therefore Mars can afford to be sensitive to the cost of supplies, and can easily switch to a more favourable supplier. The Labour force is largely non-specialised, and thus the power of the unions can be assumed to be low. This puts the employer at an advantage when it comes to negotiating the cost of labour. Forward integration by Mars’ suppliers is unlikely due to the current oligopoly in operation, where brand strength and market share of the main players would make it difficult for new entrants to achieve the high volume of sales required to return a profit. As a large multi-national corporation, Mars may be significantly bigger than some of its suppliers. This will give Mars an advantage in negotiations. Power of Buyers The power of buyers is low, but can be said to be higher than the power of suppliers. Because the price sensitivity of buyers is low – Mars bars are a relatively cheap product there is some potential for Mars to raise its prices without this having a significant impact on sales. The significant brand strength of the product makes it important to the buyer, in terms of wholesalers and retailers. Ultimately retailers need to sell Mars bars, therefore reducing their power to negotiate with Mars on price. Also there is a low threat of backward integration by buyers due to Mars’ brand strength. There has been some backward integration from supermarkets own-brand products, but this has not resulted in supermarkets being able to stop supplying the Mars bar. The low costs for buyers to switch between rival products bring some power back in their favour. Also the size of the Mars Company and the size of its suppliers (wholesalers and supermarkets) is similar – there is no clear imbalance of power between parties. Threat of new entrants The threat of new entrants is low. There are high entry costs to this market it costs a lot of money to produce and market a new competitor from scratch. The threat is more likely from existing food companies e.g. Kellogg’s cereal bars. Economies of scale are a barrier – a small profit margin (for example, just 0.5p gross profit per bar of Kit Kat [which is actually a Nestle product! – why pick this as an example?]) means that larger volumes need to be produced and sold to make a profit. This denies the opportunity for new entrants to develop their market share gradually over time. The extent of product differentiation in the market means that there is high brand recognition for the main products, which a new entrant would have to overcome. This can be considered extreme for Mars, where the brand has been used to launch additional products such as Mars ice cream, cakes and milkshakes. There may also be barriers for new entrants to channels of distribution. Retailers may be unwilling go to commit valuable shelf space to un-proven products. In addition, the existing companies may bulk-buy shelf space, thus reducing the availability to new entrants. In favour of new entrants, there are few legal barriers to entry, though the requirements relating to food hygiene are strictly enforced. The risk to a company’s reputation for failing to follow these requirements are significant e.g. the salmonella outbreak in a Cadbury’s factory in 2006(?) Also, the low profit margins per bar reduces the ability and of Mars to engage in a price war to deter new entrants. The low price sensitivity of buyers would reduce the effectiveness of such a move in any case. Threat of Substitutes The threat of substitutes is medium – relevant but not strongly significant. With the exception of multi-packs from supermarkets, the Mars bar is primarily a low cost ‘indulgence’ purchase. Therefore its possible substitutes are any items that compete for the same money i.e. the change in people’s pockets, and meet an indulgent need. These could be chewing gum, crisps, soft drinks, boiled sweets, even newspapers. The presence of substitutes will limit Mars’s ability to raise prices and generate profits. However, the relative value of all such items is low, and so it is not often likely that a potential purchaser will be put off buying a Mars Bar, because they cannot afford to buy it and, say, a newspaper. Competitive Rivalry The level of competitive rivalry in the market is medium significant but not intensive. Competition on price will be weakened by the oligopoly pattern evident in the market. This can be evidenced by parallel pricing decisions – the main competitor bars have retail prices very close to each other. The market is highly differentiated in terms of the specific products available. There are lots of different types of bars, but only Mars make a Mars bar, only Nestle make a Kit Kat etc. This has the effect of depressing competition on price, because there are no identical rivals to the product. It can be seen that competition is more intense in non-price dimensions, and specifically in the high spend on advertising. Mars uses a wide range of media to advertise and promote the Mars bar. The increasing level of product differentiation within the brand is also a reflection of competition – new flavours of familiar products are at attempt to take market share form the main rivals. The economies of scale that operate in the market means that Mars must strive to maintain and improve market share, which will impel it to compete intensely with its rivals. Mars bars must sell in considerable volumes to make a profit. PESTLE Analysis of the Mars Bar Political Nestle and Master Foods with its main brand the Mars bar (Nestle again – why are they here?) is receiving criticism for sourcing it chocolate from the West African countries like the Ivory Coast where the cocoa trade is being used to fund conflict to the tune of  £60 million a year. The Ivory Coast provides some 40% of the world’s cocoa, since 2002 it has been torn apart by civil war. The allegations are that the profit from cocoa has been directly siphoned into government funds and used to finance their conflict with the rebels. In addition the rebels extorted money directly from the industry trying to transport the cocoa through its region. Gentle pressure is being applied on Mars to identify how much of its product contains cocoa from the Ivory Coast and strive to become free from â€Å"Conflict Cocoa†. (Independent News and Media Ltd 2007) Sustainability and fair trade with regard to cocoa has become a political â€Å"hot potato† with the manufacturers of the Mars bar being criticised for employing tactics that puts cocoa farmers into virtual slavery, forcing them to turn more of their land over to production of cocoa rather than traditional arable farming and then making entire communities reliant on the cocoa market. The power of the global conglomerate can then manipulate the price of cocoa, ultimately depriving the producer of a fair price for the raw ingredient. The close association of the Mars bar as a product of the United States may cause some with a dislike of all things American to boycott the product; however there does not seem to be any evidence that this has actually occurred. Due to the global use of the product and its association through manufacture and distribution with other countries like the UK, it does not lend itself to being an exclusive American product such as is for the Hershey Bar. In the UK as in other nations where the Mars Bar is manufactured, there is some influence on the processes involved in its production by the legislative requirements of the host nation or other bodies such as the European Union. These relate in the main to food safety and trading standards legislation relating to the safety and standards that the Mars bar must meet in order to be sold to the consumer. Lately this has being more influenced by legislation that relates to advertising, such as the advertising of the product to children. Due to the nature of free market economies, free markets and the established nature of the Mars Bar with its global distribution network it is not felt that the Mars bar is overly influenced by external political factors. Economic In August last year the price of cocoa was threatening to sky rocket as large swathes of the cocoa plantations in Papua New Guinea were infested by the Asian Moth. The region produces some 17% of the world’s cocoa. An infestation of a similar nature in Indonesia in 1998 caused some  £13 million of damage. Mars were affected to such an extent that they sent out their own team to help eradicate the infestation. Mars are continuing to test a number of anti moth measures. (www.metro.co.uk 2006). The recent business decision to begin producing and using animal based rennet in the Mars bar has been disastrous. The resulting back lash from consumers in the Islamic faith, vegetarians and those with a strong social view on the use of rennet extracted from the lining of a calf’s stomach, has led to Mars making a U-turn on a business decision, apologising for its decision and giving an undertaking that they will return to producing a vegetarian product. Although this issue could be regarded as a social factor, it is in fact an issue of economics as Mars have identified the effect this decision would have on its sales (www.bbc.co.uk 2007). There has been a growth in the chocolate market, the majority of which has been with the high quality, high value products associated to some extent with the growth in disposable income across the developed world. The growth in the market has not necessarily had a positive effect on the sales of Mars due to the inexpensive and generic nature of the product. However, this inexpensive nature of the Mars Bar makes purchasing it an uncomplicated decision for consumers with no financial consequences that could lead the purchaser to regret making the original decision to purchase a Mars bar or to restrict the quantity or frequency of purchases. The largest markets for Mars are generally the more affluent and developed markets with little room for growth such as UK, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The emerging and developing markets of India and China with a combined population of nearly 2 Billion individuals is a virtually untapped market of consumers. These markets would require a unique marketing strategy as although it has great potential, the regions are not known as great consumers of chocolate. Although a US product it is not known if the markets in India and China would take to it. For many geographic areas of both countries there would be concerns about refrigeration and chocolate melting, which would limit sales areas to main cities, and maybe bigger stores? however with the present level of mutual trade and the world’s general love of all things western it may not be a cause for concern. Master foods itself is showing growth in profits with a 1.4 percentage point of market share gained up to June 2007. Social The most recent issue that has affected the Mars bar has been the disastrous business decision to introduce the use of animal rennet as an ingredient in its chocolate the resulting backlash as discussed earlier not only from those with personal and lifestyle sensibilities but also from those with a social conscience with regard to the treatment of animals This led to Master foods making a U turn on a business decision. The chocolate industry as a whole has been under a political and social spotlight as discussed earlier. Consumers are becoming more ethically aware and are questioning the practices of those associated with the production of cocoa. The industry was heavily criticised over the use of â€Å"child slave labour. Master foods along with its two rivals Nestle and Cadbury do not perform well when examined for their ethical practices. What is the relationship between master Foods and Mars? I thought that Master Foods was a subsidiary of Mars, and Mars the chocolate brand is part of Mars the parent? Mars does not even feature on the league table of those products that are deemed ethical, although it’s fair to say that the ethical names on the list are not household names, either [give some examples, then!] (www.ethiscore.org 2007) The Mars bar is not produced under a fair trade or ethical banner, thus depriving consumers of a choice. They have a choice – they can buy Green and Blacks, or do without! The market in ethical or fair-trade usually caters for the higher quality chocolates which are priced at a premium. With the continued affluent western lifestyle leading to chronic obesity and ill health there has been a drive to improve the nutritional value of food and to reduce the quantity of high fat and high sugar food groups such as chocolates in our diets. Some members of the health and nutrition lobby are looking for draconian steps to be taken against the chocolate manufacturers to reduce their influence upon diets in a similar way that steps were taken against the tobacco industry. The chocolate industry has received threats about the banning of advertisements aimed at children and at peak times and on children’s television channels. Pre-empting this, Mars has declared that they are moving away from targeting children with their product, a positive social action of their own (www.bbc.co.uk 2007). Any reduction in the use of Cocoa will ultimately affect some 26 million people around the world who are reliant upon the chocolate industry, which includes some six million cocoa farmers (www.mars.com 2007). Technological To improve cocoa production yields and to guarantee production levels for the future, Mars is investing in research to produce disease resistant cocoa trees to prevent such catastrophes such as the introduction of the disease â€Å"Witches Broom† which decimated the cocoa industry in Brazil in the 1990’s. Should cocoa supplies be affected, the manufacturer with a guaranteed supply of good quality cocoa should corner the market at the expense of its competitors (www.mars.com 2007). Legal Should the lobbyists become successful in their campaigns to restrict advertising of chocolates or force changes to reduce fat and sugar content of chocolate or to have health warnings placed upon labels then this may not be through a voluntary code but through the introduction of legislation. This may vilify chocolate and make it as socially unacceptable as cigarettes, which may have a profound effect on sales. The safe production of chocolate and how it is presented for sale is governed at present by food safety and trading standards legislation, which is enacted by both national and European legislatures. Environmental There are large quantities of waste associated with the production of chocolate which includes waste chocolate product. Over the last five years the Mars manufacturing plant in Australia has reduced the amount of waste it sends to landfill by 90%. For every 3000 tonnes of product produced every month, 220 tonnes of waste is produced. This is now fed to piglets. The animal waste is collected as fertilizer and the gases produced by the fermenting animal waste is burnt and used to generate electricity. These initiatives are reducing the costs to the business. However any positives are offset by the amount of waste that is being produced across the entire industry and at all the other Mars plants. Mars is also working to reduce the quantity of plastic in its packaging, which it has already reduced by 10% (www.mars.com 2007). Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers There was some criticism aimed at the chocolate industry accusing it of being responsible for large swathes of deforestation which occurred to make way for the cultivation of cocoa plantations. However, over a generation the cocoa plantations have become diverse ecological systems of their own. (American Association for the Advancement of Science). Pressure is also mounting on many commercial enterprises including chocolate manufacturers to publish the carbon footprint† of their product as society becomes more environmentally aware and wanting to know the affect on the environment that products they purchase have. Due to the raw ingredient coming from the far reaches of the planet and the distribution required for both ingredients and product it is expected that chocolate will have a large carbon footprint compared to the relative inexpensive and mundane nature of the product. (www.telegrapgh.co.uk 2007). Analysis of Mars Marketing Strategies Scope This is an examination of the advertising employed by Mars to Market their Mars bar product within the United Kingdom. It consists of an examination of the TV and Cinema advertising employed by Mars from 1980 to date and will identify themes in the advertising which may indicate the market segmentation strategies being employed. The Advertisements Advertisement 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXxR9cfB9_s This advertisement which was used in the UK in 1986 features a combination of young adults and children both male and female. It emphasises the quality and good value of the product and its â€Å"goodness†. It strongly suggests that it should be part of daily consumption and shows a Mars Bar in a lunchbox. It identifies the ingredients as â€Å"milk, sugar, glucose and thick, thick chocolate† and finishes with the tagline â€Å"A Mars a day helps you work rest and play† Advertisement 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=125FCPnOxNY A TV advert dated C. late 80s. It features a young woman who is an energetic young news reporter trying to impress the boss. After a series of dispiriting setbacks during the day, she pauses for a snack (of a Mars Bar) and then she gets the big break. The voiceover describes the contents of the Mars bar as â€Å"milk, glucose, milk and thick, thick chocolate† and the final tagline is â€Å"A Mars a day helps you work rest and play† The advert implies that the Mars Bar has beneficial effects in keeping high levels of energy throughout the day. Advertisement 3: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5Z-utxJvqQ This TV advertisement was used by Mars in the UK in 1991. It features a well known British international athlete of the period, Peter Elliot. He is shown running in the early morning in an urban environment. He receives the admiring looks of the people he passes, which include the suggestion that he is attractive to the opposite sex. There is no voice over except at the end which lists the ingredients as â€Å"milk, glucose, malt and thick, thick chocolate in a Mars†. Mars is the revealed to be the â€Å"Official snack food of the British Olympic team†. Advertisement 4: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UW4SIdXR8ks This TV advertisement was used by Mars in 2006. It features a casually dressed young man who buys a Mars Bar from a vending machine in a night time urban environment. He eats it as he walks through the streets. As he walks through the streets the lights turn on as he passes implying that the energy of his presence is doing this. He passes two women who give him admiring glances implying that he is attractive to women. There is no voiceover simply the music (Blue Monday by New Order) which is â€Å"high energy†. The Tagline is â€Å"Mars gives you energy† Advertisement 5: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZ_7NiAw3C8 This TV advertisement used in 2006 exploits the World Cup of that year. It features a rabid male England football support singing a song and leading an impromptu parade about his belief that England will win the World Cup. The product is not mentioned at all and is only suggested by Bill boards in the background featuring Mars Bars but with the word Mars replaced by â€Å"Believe†. Advertisement 6: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xm7SGhoTXR4 This is a 2007 advertisement featuring old footage of tennis player John McEnroe at Wimbledon. During the course of a match, he is doing badly and loses his temper. He eats a Mars bar and goes on to win. The final picture is of a Mars Bar with the words â€Å"Work Rest Play† printed underneath. There is no voiceover. Advertisement 7: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQugCSk8yYc A 2006 advertisement starts with the caption â€Å"Love on a Saturday Night with Mars†. It features a young man kissing one girl goodbye as she leaves his home (presumably on a Sunday morning). She leaves. Immediately she has left another girl appears who he greets and invites inside. The tableau implies that he is successful with the opposite sex and that he has substantial reserves of energy. The final caption has the tagline â€Å"Pleasure you can’t measure†. Themes An examination of the content of these advertisements reveals the following themes: The age range of all the protagonists is limited and generally does not exceed the age of 30 and does not include children. The only exception is in advertisement 1 which features older adults and children, which is chronologically the oldest. Of the seven advertisements, five have men as their major participants. The exceptions are advertisements 1 and 2 which are the oldest. There is an implication in each of the advertisements 2-7 that eating a Mars Bar assists in achieving success in some way. Specifically: Ad2- Success at work Ad3- Success in sport, attractiveness to opposite sex; Ad4- Attractiveness to opposite sex; Ad5- Success in Sport; Ad6- Success in Sport; Ad7- Attractiveness to opposite sex; There has been a gradual change from Ad1 to Ad7 in moving away from the emphasis on ingredients and value for money. From Ad1 to Ad2 the ingredients listed drops sugar and replaces it with malt. By Ad4 the listing of ingredients is dropped altogether and does not appear again. All advertisements emphasise the importance of the product in giving energy. Market Segmentation Assumptions Using Jobber’s schema of market segmentation criteria (Jobber, 2004, p213), the above can be analysed to identify Mars market segmentation strategy for the Mars Bar. Profile Variables Demographic- The advertisements are aimed exclusively at the young and vigorous and almost exclusively at males. Socio-Economic- The emphasis on young males would imply that the target group would not generally have large disposable incomes. However, there is not a clear emphasis on any socio-economic group. Geographic- Five of the seven advertisements feature primarily an urban environment. However, this is where the majority of the UK population live, so it should be expected. Psychographic Variables Lifestyle- The emphasis on the product giving energy would suggest that the product is aimed at people who have, or see themselves as having, a busy demanding lifestyle. Personality- The advertisements 2-7 all seem to associate the product with the striving for success. It is possible that the message is â€Å"Winners eat Mars Bars and I am a winner†. Behavioural Variables Benefits Sought- The clear benefit sought in all of the advertisements is that of a snack which provides an energy boost during the day. In addition, there has been a change in Mars’ assumption about the benefits sought from Ad1 (good value, large size, full of high calorie ingredients) to subsequent advertisements when these are no longer seen as benefits because of concerns about diet. Purchase Occasion There is no clear evidence of Mars’ assumptions about purchase occasion after Ad1 which in its tagline implies that Mars Bars should be purchased daily. Purchase Behaviour- There is no clear evidence in the advertisements of Mars’ assumptions about purchase behaviour. Usage There is a clear implication from the advertisements 2-7 that Mars consider young males as the main consumers of bar chocolate. Perceptions, Values and Beliefs All the advertisements, seem to emphasise the importance of striving, hard work, competing and living for the moment. It can be assumed that Mars are targeting those that share those values. Market Segmentation The division of a market into different homogeneous groups of consumers is known as market segmentation. Market segmentation correctly applied is about understanding the needs of the customer and therefore, how they decide between one product to another. This insight is used to form groups of customers who share the same or very similar value criteria. A company is then able to determine which groups of customers is best suited to serve and which product and service offers will both meet the needs of its selected segments and outperform the competition. The primary objective of segmentation therefore must be how to win and retain the customers you want to serve. The variables used for segmentation include: Geographic variables Demographic variables psychographic variables and behavioural variables. We have applied these variables to the Mars Bar and in this report we will provide an insight into segmentation and how this relates to consumer purchasing behaviour. Today’s consumer is more ethically and environmentally aware and environmentally aware than ever before and increasingly so with regard to the consumption of food and drink. In the media, on shelves, the focus on reducing our carbon footprint is constantly present and the push to understand where our food is from is increasing. Customers segment themselves and take no notice of how companies segment their market when choosing between competing products and services, customers select the proposition that meets their needs better than any other. To win market share, therefore Masterfoods ensures that their offers meet these needs better than any other at a price they perceive as providing superior value for money (which does not necessarily mean it has to be the cheapest) in order to achieve this Masterfoods have made sure Mars Bar is available in any region of the world or the country. George Day (1980) describes a bottom- up approach in this approach you start with a single customer and then build on that profile Masterfoods initially aimed the Mars Bars at the active person who worked hard this was predominately aimed at the young male market. However this approach has changed and the company is now targeting females and the health conscious market- by making their chocolate bar lighter and encouraging people to see it as a snack, compared to a lunch replacement. The Bar itself is reasonably priced it appeals to all due to its slick slogans ‘pleasure you cannot measure’. Discussions did take place to introduce rennet to the Mars Bars but this was quickly withdrawn due to pressure therefore this leads us to believe the consumer has power and religion and ethnic marketing has role to play in the demographic variable in market segmentation. The Mars Bar itself has been updated with new features such as a funkier typeface on the wrapper and a lighter whipped nougat filling. Mars bars used to be pretty challenging to chew but that familiar caramel- induced jaw ache will soon be forgotten, as Mars become even more like milky ways. The person that purchases a chocolate bar is often not thinking what chocolate he or she wants: it’s due to the advertising and identification with the brand that leads the person to buy a particular bar of chocolate. Mars Bar at the start mentioned in its slogan ‘work rest and play’ due to the changing life styles values, attitudes, personalities of people Masterfoods have had to change their approach and now it has adopted ‘pleasure you cannot measure’ this aims to reflect

Electronic Medical Records and Charting Essay -- Medical Technology

Electronic Medical Records and Charting Today’s healthcare is changing, and more hospitals are commencing to go paperless using computers for both medical records and charting. Computers are widely accepted, in personal and professional settings. It is an essential requirement for computer literacy. Numerous advances in technology during the past decade require that nurses not only be knowledgeable in nursing skills but also to become educated in computer technology. While electronic medical records (EMR’s) and charting can be an effective time management tool, some questions have been asked on how exactly this will impact the role and process of nursing, and the ultimate effects on patient safety and confidentiality. In order to investigate these topics, I will be addressing the individual aspects of EMR’s that nurse’s use every day, how they affect collaborative care, and the impact they have on the nursing role. In the Emergency Department at General Leonard Wood Army Community Hospital (GLWACH) manual paper charting is still used for charting most of the patient care that is per-formed; the exception would be any laboratory studies needed and any kind of radiology proce-dures that must be done. These orders are then put into the computer system, most often by the nurses. I had an opportunity to observe both positive and negative indications during my 72 hour preceptorship at the General Leonard Wood Army Community Hospital. Some of the positive of having EMR’s and electronic charting are that: they are pass code protected, allow access to in-formation quickly, legibility and organization aspects, efficiency of time, and allow for easy transfer of data which minimizes errors. If a patient comes in by ambulance, and is un... ... Informatics & the EMR on ADVANCE for Nurses. ADVANCE for Nurses. Retrieved April 16, 2012, from http://nursing.advanceweb.com/Regional-Content/Articles/Nursing-Informatics-EMR.aspx Dykes, P., Cashen, M., Foster, M., Gallagher, J., Kennedy, M., MacCallum, R., et al. (2006). Serveying Acute Care Providers in the U.S. to Explore the Impact of HIT on the Role of Nurses and Interdisciplinary Communication in Acute Care Settings. Journal of Healthcare Information Management , 36-44. Retrieved April 16, 2012, from http://www.nursingcenter.com/library/JournalArticle.asp?Article_ID=678742 Yee, T., Needleman, J., Pearson, M., Parkerton, P., & Wolstein, J. (2012). The Influence of Inte-grated Electronic Me... [Comput Inform Nurs. 2012] - PubMed - NCBI. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved April 16, 2012, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22411414 Electronic Medical Records and Charting Essay -- Medical Technology Electronic Medical Records and Charting Today’s healthcare is changing, and more hospitals are commencing to go paperless using computers for both medical records and charting. Computers are widely accepted, in personal and professional settings. It is an essential requirement for computer literacy. Numerous advances in technology during the past decade require that nurses not only be knowledgeable in nursing skills but also to become educated in computer technology. While electronic medical records (EMR’s) and charting can be an effective time management tool, some questions have been asked on how exactly this will impact the role and process of nursing, and the ultimate effects on patient safety and confidentiality. In order to investigate these topics, I will be addressing the individual aspects of EMR’s that nurse’s use every day, how they affect collaborative care, and the impact they have on the nursing role. In the Emergency Department at General Leonard Wood Army Community Hospital (GLWACH) manual paper charting is still used for charting most of the patient care that is per-formed; the exception would be any laboratory studies needed and any kind of radiology proce-dures that must be done. These orders are then put into the computer system, most often by the nurses. I had an opportunity to observe both positive and negative indications during my 72 hour preceptorship at the General Leonard Wood Army Community Hospital. Some of the positive of having EMR’s and electronic charting are that: they are pass code protected, allow access to in-formation quickly, legibility and organization aspects, efficiency of time, and allow for easy transfer of data which minimizes errors. If a patient comes in by ambulance, and is un... ... Informatics & the EMR on ADVANCE for Nurses. ADVANCE for Nurses. Retrieved April 16, 2012, from http://nursing.advanceweb.com/Regional-Content/Articles/Nursing-Informatics-EMR.aspx Dykes, P., Cashen, M., Foster, M., Gallagher, J., Kennedy, M., MacCallum, R., et al. (2006). Serveying Acute Care Providers in the U.S. to Explore the Impact of HIT on the Role of Nurses and Interdisciplinary Communication in Acute Care Settings. Journal of Healthcare Information Management , 36-44. Retrieved April 16, 2012, from http://www.nursingcenter.com/library/JournalArticle.asp?Article_ID=678742 Yee, T., Needleman, J., Pearson, M., Parkerton, P., & Wolstein, J. (2012). The Influence of Inte-grated Electronic Me... [Comput Inform Nurs. 2012] - PubMed - NCBI. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved April 16, 2012, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22411414