The Impact of Electronic Media and the Internet on Print...

The Impact of Electronic Media and the Internet on Print Media New technology has developed rapidly since the birth of the internet, and it continues to expand and evolve affecting many domains, especially the print media. This essay will investigate the influence and impact of current technology of the electronic media and World Wide Web on print media, and how future developments in technology will affect the future direction of the traditional newspaper. The way in which â€Å"Bloggers† have influenced traditional journalism will also be explored and how this has affected the journalism profession. In addition, the negative impacts of how the electronic media is being used as a political forum will also be investigated. Finally, the†¦show more content†¦It has been reported that the future of electronic information is not embraced by a lot of the news media as free interactive services generate low levels of interest with pay-per-call services as the main source of revenue. However, Rupert Murdoch saw the opportunities off ered by new technology, and through diversification created an international press, followed by a television domain, creating a truly global media empire (Shawcross:1999). However, other print media have resisted being fully represented on the web. Interestingly, reports claim the traditional newspaper will continue to survive due to common factors such as the much loved writer or columnist, local community news and the personal link to world news (Fulton 1996). However it could be argued that these same factors are applicable to the internet. Melinda McAdams, a primary contributor in the setup of the Washington’s Posts online service, recognizes the above mentioned factors also support the internet inferring a person with a lot of on-line experience thinks more about connections, organization, movement within and among sets of information, and communication among different people (Fulton:1996) demonstrating that the similar relationships can be formed with journalists over the internet. Furthermore, as the World Wide Web provides an interactive stage, the accuracy and legitimacy of news items could beShow MoreRelatedElectronic Media1675 Words   |  7 PagesELECTRONIC MEDIA AND PRINT MEDIA INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC MEDIA This is a type of MASS MEDIA which uses ELECTRONIC Energy in the user end. The most familiar electronic media includes video recording, audio recording, multimedia presentations, slide presentations, CD ROM’S and online contents. Also, recorded broadcasting in television, radio, telephone etc. could be considered as electronic media. THE BASIC USES OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA Electronic Media is probably the most diversified subject of studyRead MoreHistorical Evolution and Development of the Various Mass Media970 Words   |  4 Pagesto the historical evolution and development of the various mass media in the United States. Print, broadcast, and electronic media have changed drastically since man was first introduced to them. The speed of these changes are occurring more rapidly now, altering the different forms of media along with it. Though these changes have brought forth many benefits, a few negative impacts have been brought along as well. Print media has been used by people to spread information for centuries, datingRead MorePrint Media And Digital Media1740 Words   |  7 PagesThe print and the digital media have been in the forefront in acting as the social mirror reflecting on what goes on in the society. Thus when it is said that the print media is dead it becomes quite disturbing because traditionally it is known as the only tool that people have come to trust to deliver information in a holistic manner. Well, in the advertising world, it is assumed that the more the products are displayed in pages of magazines and newspapers; they are bound to be sold more becauseRead MoreThe Mass Media Influence On Society804 Words   |  4 PagesThe mass media greatly influence the behavior and thoughts of citizens and policymakers, and has a great impact on policy agenda. The mass media includes television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the Internet, and other means of popular communication. There are two kinds of media; print media, which includes newspapers and magazines, and electronic media, which includes television, radio, and the Internet. There are various positives and negatives of the media and its relation to the public and toRead MoreMass Media Milestone1700 Words   |  7 PagesMilestone in the history of mass media The first variation of a newspaper was published in Rome in 59 BC. It was a daily sheet that Julius Caesar ordered to be distributed all over the city. However, the first newspaper was printed in Beijing in 746 (Flanagin, 452). Also, a forty-two-page bible was published two years later after a German poet used a printing press to post a poem. This was a significant period that marked the beginning of mass media production. Mass media refers to a communication channelRead MoreEssay Responsibilities of the Media1579 Words   |  7 Pages1) The primary role of media delivering the news to the public is to gather and report news that is true, fair, honest, accurate, non-biased and non-critical. The news keeps us informed about what is going on in and around the world, investigating stories and delivering information to a large and diverse audience. The media channels news through television, radio, newspapers, internet, and other products that reach people, groups, and societies. Not only does theRead MoreTechnology Is An Indispensable Part Of Our Life Essay1417 Words   |  6 Pagescomputers without having in mind that we may lose everything due to a mistake or an error that usually happen in computers. Also, we spent lots of our time dealing with technology like watching TV, play video games, or using cell phones; all these has an impact on our behavior. Both the supporter of technology and the opposing have good points of views that support the ideas of each one of them. Since technology like anything else in our life, it has both advantages and disadvantages. It is obviously thatRead MoreWhat Would The World Be Without Books, Magazines, And Newspapers848 Words   |  4 PagesWhat would the world be without books, magazines, and newspapers in printed forms? How would this impact readers of various ages? How would this impact populations in our culture without access to computers or the Internet? In my opinion, these are great discu ssion questions. I would like to take few minutes to take you on a journey back through time before I answer the question. I am in my mid-40s. In a month, my grandfather will celebrate his 100th birthday. I remember playing with his mother asRead MoreNegatives And Negatives Of Print1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe future of print communication lies within the direction of where print media is currently heading, digital. With that being said, print will never die; there will always be people who want to physically hold a book, a magazine, or a newspaper. Although it is not presumptuous to assume that the amount of print will decrease, it will however continue to live for decades to come. Print history will always have a crucial aspect in the linear advancements of technology. There are many ways to lookRead MoreEssay on Development of Mass Media1402 Words   |  6 Pagesmass media exist: radio, television, film, internet, email, blogs etc. Yet how these forms of media contribute to the growth of media, was never asked? Some would say that its solely because of the variety mediums, some would say that mediums was built for the 20th century, and some would say that mediums were destined and directed to grow to this point. Ever since the first form of mass media in the late 15th century called print, the dynamics of mass media continued to blossom. Mass media touches

The Rise of Christianity and Christian Art Essay - 2039 Words

In 313 AD the Emperor Constantine formally recognized the Christian religion. Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire, this event affected the way people thought and lived their lives. Had a great impact on how rulers viewed their power and used their powers. Such influence was portrayed in Christian art as we know today. Although Christianity was initially practiced within Semitic populations of the Roman Empire, by the 4th century A.D the Christian religion had a huge impact to the Greeks and also the early Byzantine Empire. But by this time Christian communities had been established in all the important cities in the Roman Empire. In 313 the next emperor Constantine legalized Christianity throughout the empire. He also†¦show more content†¦With such support from the state and the Emperor, the church was given a massive financial support, which was invested in the building of the Basilicas. They were used to perform rituals such as worship, baptism, prayers, scripture reading, preaching and recognition of the dead and the after life. The liturgy of the early churches was very plain. They were build on a rectangular classical floor plan. The Basilica floor plan was simple; consisting of a narthex (the outside building short end), apse, transept, and aisle such formation gives the idea of bui lding resembling to the cross. The early Christians were inspiration to represent such building to the cross. Once more this is part of the spiritual journey of Christianity. The other model was the central plan which would consist of a dome in the middle of the church. Were all the activities would take place. Like the worship and the baptismal ritual. This center plan was more common in the Eastern-Orthodox churches. This shows the heritage of Roman Christian art from the early ancestors such as the Greeks and the Middle East. A great example is the San Vitale in Ravenna which was an important Byzantine outpost in Italy. San Vitale was constructed under the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian in 547. This church has a domed central core whichShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of Christianity By Don Nardo1737 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Nicene Creed unified the beliefs of Christianity? The investigation will attempt to answer this question as best as possible. The focused time period will be from 313 AD to 325 AD. This is because practicing Christianity was made legal in Rome in 313 AD and the Nicene Creed was created and made the official statement of Christian beliefs in 325 AD. Also the investigation will focus mainly on events taken place in Rome. Unity, or lack thereof, in Christianity, events before and after the creationRead MoreThe Modern Era Of American History1555 Words   |  7 Pagesspurred societal reformation. However, these progressive ideals and values were met with fierce opposition in many regards that created a polarity in America between proponents of this new religion and advocates for the traditional old religion of Christianity and conservative principles. The 1920s served to utterly alter the values of American society with the genesis of unprecedented scientific knowledge and an end to World War I, both of which served to create a sharp divide between the new religionRead MoreAlexander The Great Of The Classical Greek Culture Essay1742 Word s   |  7 PagesAlexander also led the way in fashion and demonstrated how to enjoy pleasure in one’s life. The move from classical Greece to a more modern culture happened quickly. The Hellenistic culture became more self-indulgent as it focused on elaborate sculptures, art, jewelry, and even buildings. This more contemporary culture began to affect city planning; for the first time cities designed vast public spaces like parks and theatres, all of which lent themselves to pursuits of pleasure or a peaceful state of mindRead MoreChristianity And The Christian Church1473 Words   |  6 Pagesglobe, making up the cornerstone of Christ’s most important legacy, Christianity. It is a religion shaped entirely around Jesus’ personal philosophies and ideologies that has forever shaped the course of human history. In order to appreciate the importance of Christianity, first an understanding of the religion itself must be reached. The Christian church teaches that there is one God who created everything. Although Christians believe there is a singular God, he is split into three parts: FatherRead More Christinaity In Middle Ages Essay1143 Words   |  5 PagesChristianity in the Middle Ages Christianity played a major role throughout the Middle Ages in society and politics. The Middle Ages, classified from 600 AD to 1350 AD, was significantly effected by Christianity because of the impact it had on the daily lives of people of the time. The beginning of the Early Middle Ages, after the Fall of Rome in 476 AD and the period known as the Dark Ages, the reorganization of the empire brought a desire for faith and religion, primarily Christianity. ThisRead MoreThe Catholic Church during the 7th and 8th Century1213 Words   |  5 PagesEurope. Western Europe is grateful to its preservation due to the rise of the Church. Nothing would manage to survive in the middle ages, if there had not been the alliance of the churches with the barbarian royalty, contributing to the preservation of agriculture and literature, being meantime the conduit of learning. Several circumstances and some purely accidental factors were the indicators that highly contributed to the rise of the Church in the 6th century . The first issue is the unreclaimedRead MoreRoman Civilization943 Words   |  4 PagesNevertheless by the 3rd century A.D, Romans were on swift decline. This fast decline was caused by extreme changes in their civilization. The changes consisted of new leaders controlling the region, Rome becoming spilt up into two sections, and Christianity gaining all of religious control. There was very much a rapid downfall with many more changes as well, such as the spread of Roman law and trade .Many people say that decline is what made Rome so famous today. Rome was found by Romulus and hisRead MoreWhat Stands Beyond The Triumph Of Christianity1695 Words   |  7 Pages What Stands Beyond the Triumph of Christianity For several centuries of Roman Empire existence, it seemed that nothing could stand against its mighty power. No kingdom could match their military or political power for over five hundred years. However, the Rise of Christianity brought the defeat upon Romans. Initially, the new religion appeared to be nothing more than a branch of Judaism. Jesus was perceived as a teacher, healer, and a commoner, who ended up being executed as a public criminalRead MoreConstantine and His Effect on Christianity1518 Words   |  7 PagesConstantine and his effect on Christianity When we look back at Christianity over the years, there are several people who are remembered for their impact on the religion. The first most important figure was Jesus Christ. However, if we travel forward a bit, into the 4th Century we come across Constantine. Historians agree that Constantine served as an important component in the spread of Christianity. Although he spread the religion in a massive way, others wonder if his methods were more harmfulRead More Christianity According to St. Augustine and Machiavelli Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pages In St. Augustine’s book entitled Political Writings, one could see that Christianity plays a very important role in his view of politics. His opinion on the morality or lack of morality in politics, to me makes it more evident that Christianity persuades his views. Although it seems his writings have become quite well known and admired, not everyone fully shared his beliefs. Niccolo Machiavelli, for instance, seemed to believe in a government that was not driven by morality, but more by practicality

Current research into the health-related impact of bullying at work. Free Essays

Abstract This paper addresses the current state of research concerning the psychological and physical effects that bullying within the work place can have on the victim, both its immediate impact and in the long term. The effectiveness of the research method of large scale surveys as a means of determining these findings will be considered. Introduction A recurring issue that arises in the literature of bullying is that it is hard to define; it is a broad term that can be used for a continuum of cases, from a physical assualt to a verbal attack on a person’s character. We will write a custom essay sample on Current research into the health-related impact of bullying at work. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Currently the UK has no legal definition for what constitutes as bullying due to this inability to formally characterise it. UNISON (2003) defines it as â€Å"..persistent unacceptable ‘offensive, intimidating, malicious, insulting or humiliating behaviour, abuse of power or authority which attempts to undermine an individual or group of employees and which may cause them to suffer stress’†. Bullying can be carried out by individuals or groups (mobbing) and can occur at almost every level within an organisation. A survey conducted by Hoel and Cooper (2000) found the phenomenon was prevalent regardless of the sex, ethnicity or superiority, they also recorded that 68.5% of instances of bullying extend over a year. The profile of the victim is largely determined by the bullies want of power and control (Kurth, Spiller Travis, 2000), as such the victim will tend to have poor social and problem-solving skills (Cook et al., 2010), typically in lower superiority relati ve to the instigator. The bullying itself can be both blatant deliberate or subconscious acts, typically in a way that the victim in unable to defend against (CIPD, 2005), removing any sense of control. In order to do this without the risks (e.g. criminal charges or a morality issue), abuse in a workplace is largely indirect (or social aggression) (Daniel, 2006) and within the rules of the organisation. This typically will involve spreading rumours, being highly critical of their work and character, overload of work responsibilities or verbal and physical harassment. The role of power in the bully-victim relationship is best represented in what Fuller (2003) termed as â€Å"Rankism† whereby the bully exploits the disparity of their particular rank in a hierarchy; through the â€Å"superiority† within a company they reduce the risk of the victim reporting to a higher rank, leaving the victim feeling powerless and without options. This ability to abuse subordinates with impunity could explain its prevalence in supervisory roles, as reported by Namie Namie (2000). Effects The abuse can have an immediate detrimental effect of offence and humiliation, but when repeated over a period of time this can lead to severe psychological distress (Einarsen, 2003; Daniel 2006; Vartia, 2001) including stress, damaged self-esteem and confidence, overarousal, anxiety issues, depression, and- in some cases even suicide, all of which can carry over from the work environment to the victims social life in general-. The range of symptoms varies vastly depending on the severity of the attacks, the frequency and the duration it extends over unresolved. Stress is the biggest cause of sickness in the UK and workplace bullying contributes up to 50% of the total figures (Daniel, 2006). Einarsen (2003) found that mental health was beyond the threshold level where people would need to seek psychiatric consultation. Victims can develop somatic symptoms such as sleeping disorders or lowered resistance, leading to physical illnesses and a range of disorders (Sansone Sansone, 2008). The research from the CIPD (the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development) suggests that initially the victim will be unaware of the bullying and will interpret it as a professional standard, as such they will consider it a failing on their part, over time as the initial assaults are reinforced the victim can become exhausted, incapable of defending themselves and demoralised, their initial means of coping have been ineffective and it becomes a problem-solving issue. If the victim perceives the situation as their fault they can develop anxiety in performing their jobs; Turney (2003) cites a case where a lawyer was criticised so consistently that he lost confidence in performing simple tasks like writing letters. These findings however still have to account for the fact that some of the traits of bullying victims might themselves be pre-morbid, this is a major problem with large surveys: the level of vulnerability and sensitivity before and after cannot be made distinct; Coyne et al. (2000) raises the question as to what traits associated to the effects of bullying are in fact pre-existing traits that are targeted by the bully. Einarsen (2003) gives the example of re-experiencing the event(s) as something that could be directly linked to a symptom of bullying, but a quality like a negative attitude has been found to be part of the profile of a â€Å"typical† victim (Cook et al., 2010). If there is such a thing as a predisposed victim, their inclusion could distort the outcome of the research in determining the true effects of bullying. Mechanism In a culture where people identify themselves by their jobs, when their inferiority in this is brought into question, it naturally carries over to their identity, leading to low self-esteem; in some cases resulting in abandoning the idea of finding employment again (CIPD, 2005). Surveys have shown that some common coping reactions are regression to substance abuse, eating disorders, social isolation and internalisation tactics (Sansone Sansone, 2008; CIPD, 2005; Daniel, 2006); Einsarsen sees it as their perception of their environment becoming that of hostility where simple tasks can become acts of self-recrimination. Daniel (2006) reports that roughly 25% of the victims leave their jobs as a result of the bullying without even reporting the incident. There exists no model that can fully explain the complex mechanism by which bullying induces the varied symptoms. Mark Smith (2008) reviewed the twelve most significant models of how work related stress could produce its symptoms: none of them can be deemed satisfactory in reproducing the true statistics- considering the range of symptoms, the variation in the sector, variation of profiles, and the diverse nature of the human psyche, this is not unexpected. Conclusion The current level of understanding of bullying and its effects of the victim is in a state of arrested development- it is possible to predict how being bullied will create a stressful state of mind, but the variation in possible characters and their ability to cope with abuse makes the mechanism of symptom production hugely complex. It is possible to predict a victim based on a profile as Coyne et al. (2000) suggests, but the relationship between duration, severity, frequency of the abuse and the development of psychological responses means the impact on the health of the victim is highly unpredictable. Word count: 1065 References CIPD, (2005). Bullying at work: beyond policies to a culture of respect. Retrieved 17/12/2012 from [http://www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/D9105C52-7FED-42EA-A557-D1785DF6D34F/0/bullyatwork0405.pdf] Cook, C.R., Williams, K.R., Guerra, N.G., Kim, T.E. Sadek, S. (2010). Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: a meta-analytic investigation. School Psychology Quarterly, 25(2), pp. 65-83. American Psychological Association. Coyne, I., Seigne, E. Randall, P. (2000) Predicting workplace victim status from personality. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 9(3), pp. 335-349. Taylor Francis Daniel, T.A. (2006). Bullies in the workplace: A focus on the â€Å"abusive disrespect† of employees. SHRM Whitepapers. Retrieved 16/12/2012 from [http://moss07.shrm.org/Research/Articles/Articles/Pages/CMS_018341.aspx.] Einarsen, S. (2003). Individual effects of exposure to bullying at work. Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace: International Perspectives in Research and Practice. London: Taylor Francis. Fuller, Robert W. (2003). Somebodies and Nobodies: Overcoming the Abuse of Rank. Gabriola Island, Canada: New Society Publishers. Hoel, H., Cooper, C.L., (2000). Destruction conflict and bullying at work. UMIST Survey. Retrieved 16/12/2012 from [http://www.socialpartnershipforum.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/UMIST%20report.pdf ] Kurth, S. B., Spiller, B.B., Travis, C. B. (2000). Consent, power and sexual scripts: Deconstructing sexual harassment. In C. B. Travis J. W. White (Eds.), Sexuality, society and feminism, pp. 323-354. Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association. Mark,G.M. Smith,A.P. 2008. Stress models: A review and suggested new direction. Vol. 3.Nottingham University Press. .Namie, G., Namie, R. (2000). The bully at work: What you can do to stop the hurt and reclaim your dignity on the job. Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, Inc. Rick, J., Perryman, S., Young, K., Guppy A. Hillage, J. (1998). Workplace trauma and its management: a review of the literature. IES Report. Retrieved 17/12/2012 from [http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/crr_pdf/1998/crr98170.pdf] Sansone, R.A. Sansone, L.A. (2008) Bully Victims: Psychological and Somatic Aftermaths. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 5(6), pp. 62–64. Turney, L. (2003) Mental health and workplace bullying: The role of power, professions and on the job training. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 2(2), [http://www.auseinet.com/journal/vol2iss2/turney.pdf] UNISON, (2003). Bullying at work. Retrieved 16/12/2012 from [http://www.unison.org.uk/acrobat/13375.pdf] Vartia, M. (2001) Consequences of workplace bullying with respect to the well-being of its target and the observers of bullying. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 27(1), pp. 203-214. How to cite Current research into the health-related impact of bullying at work., Essays

Clinical Psychology and Gerontology Aging Studies

Question: Discuss about theClinical Psychology and Gerontology for Aging Studies. Answer: Introduction The advertisement shows the anti-wrinkle products that claim to reduce the wrinkles and fine lines in less than sixty minutes. The target audience is the aged women of 45-65 years from middle-aged to older women who wants to reverse the signs of ageing. The anti-wrinkle products target the women who are extending their twenties and past middle age. These anti-wrinkles products not only promote to reverse the early signs of ageing but also prevent the characteristics of ageing before the ageing process naturally sets in. These advertisements have a psychological impact on the women. It aims to exploit the insecurities in the target audience. It has an effect on the women who feels that they are getting aged and their looks are getting hampered due to the ageing process (Cruikshank, 2013). They feel that the ageing process has already begun and it will continue in a rapid way. Moreover, these anti-wrinkle advertisements feature famous models and actresses and it is also a reason for th e women to get attracted by these anti-wrinkle products. These advertisements use bold words and phrases like age defying, lifting, and plumping that affects the target audience quickly and effectively. The target audience feels that happiness is associated with appearance and beauty is of paramount importance. It has a very bad impact on the women promoting injustice, inequality, contradictions and irrationalities prevailing in the society (Rudman, 2015). It also conveys the message that beauty is associated with the appearance of youth. These anti-wrinkle advertisements have an overall bad impact on the target audience filling them with fear and insecurities in the women. People stereotype elderly people based on age that is featured in these anti-wrinkle advertisements. These advertisements show stereotype that features the aged women through a lens of diminished beauty, value and reflects and reinforces the societys attitude towards getting old (Brooks, Bichard Craig, 2016). It shows a distorted view of ageing in the women and emphasizes the burden of the ageing population. The negative stereotypes that portray the older women who are ignored and dissatisfied with the ageing process are widely used in these advertisements. It portrays the negative stereotypes about ageism in the society and standard anti-ageing messages that are impossible for these products to attain. The negative images portray negative stereotypes more deeply and entrench confirmed beliefs about the ageing process. People believe in the negative effects of the ageing and starts feeling bad about getting old. It also reflects the various stereotypes of how the society treats the older generation. It shows media illiteracy and negative stereotypes about the old aged people. The anti-ageing products reflect the ageism that depicts stereotype and discrimination in the society based on the single trait of old age. The stereotype and devaluing of the elderly people have significant negative impact on the aged population affecting their behavior, self-esteem and psychological well-being (Hearn Wray, 2015). The advertisements show the negative stereotype that the old age women are not beautiful and having youthful skin is the only way to look beautiful and stay happy. It also has positive stereotypes that defying ageing is the way to age successfully, however, negative stereotypes have more impact that these advertisements displays. The anti-ageing advertisements show the cultural stereotypes that depict the fair women with a flawless and cosmopolitan image. The cultural reverence is depicted through the fair skin and it is regarded as the definition of beauty (Brown Knight, 2015). It creates a mindset that glorification of fair, anti-wrinkle skin is the way to become beautiful and promote happiness. It also creates a color bias that perpetuates prejudice and hatred that are deep-seated in the mind of the viewers. For example, some countries have diverse culture; however, the minorities or ethnic groups are under presented in these advertisements. They only feature fair and flawless skin and does not reflect the actual changing demographics of the society. Ageing is a natural process that occurs in men and women both. However, the old aged women are stereotyped in the advertisements reflecting insecurity in them (Ylnne, 2015). The discoloration and removal of fine lines in the skin using simulated imagery used in the advertisements reflect that fair and flawless skin is the only way to look beautiful. The wrinkles and fine lines shown in the advertisements depicts that they are not beautiful and should be avoided by the old aged women to look beautiful. The wrinkles and fine lines happen to appear during ageing and women are not the only one who has them. There are no anti-ageing advertisements that target men. The old women can look beautiful with wrinkles and it is a natural process that cannot be denied using anti-wrinkle products. While neglecting the negative impacts and cultural stereotypes, the anti-ageing advertisement has positive impact on the older population. They are in high demand among the women despite the advertisements. The before and after images that the dermitage product provides give a visual representation of the product's effectiveness (Phau, 2017). It is an effective process that demonstrates the efficacy of the dermitage product. The product can achieve its purpose by promoting positive feelings of pleasure and confidence and focus to boost self-esteem, joy, happiness and social acceptance among the target audience. It could also show the positive effects of the therapy in reducing wrinkles in less than sixty minutes without any side effects that would help to achieve the purpose of the product. The reduction of fine lines and wrinkles within an hour could have a great impact on the target audience. The advertisement could also promote women from the ethnic or diverse culture that would h elp the minorities to use this product and get benefitted (Kaur, Arumugam Yunus, 2013). Moreover, the advertisement could also show the organic and natural ingredients used in the product claiming no harmful effects on the skin. The product should display that it cannot delay, mask or prevent premature ageing and would provide temporary effects on ageing. The product should not claim to rejuvenate or cure the early signs of ageing and delay. They should provide subjective claim rather than an objective claim for the product. It should not have a physiological claim like the rejuvenation of the skin, natural cell renewal and stimulation, boost the natural skin structure and works by penetrating the skin. Therefore, by using these strategies, the advertisement can achieve its purpose without depicting negative age or cultural stereotype. References Brooks, M. E., Bichard, S., Craig, C. (2016). What's the Score?: A Content Analysis of Mature Adults in Super Bowl Commercials.Howard Journal of Communications,27(4), 347-366. Brown, A., Knight, T. (2015). Shifts in media images of women appearance and social status from 1960 to 2010: A content analysis of beauty advertisements in two Australian magazines.Journal of aging studies,35, 74-83. Cruikshank, M. (2013).Learning to be old: Gender, culture, and aging. Rowman Littlefield. Hearn, J., Wray, S. (2015). Gender. Implications of a contested area.Twigg, Julia; Wendy Martin (Hg.) Routledge Handbook of Cultural Gerontology. London: Routledge, 201-209. Kaur, K., Arumugam, N., Yunus, N. M. (2013). Beauty product advertisements: A critical discourse analysis.Asian social science,9(3), 61. Phau, I. (2017). Volume 29, Issue 1 Editorial-2017.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,29(1). Rudman, D. L. (2015). Embodying positive aging and neoliberal rationality: Talking about the aging body within narratives of retirement.Journal of aging studies,34, 10-20. Ylnne, V. (2015). Representations of ageing in the media.Routledge Handbook of Cultural Gerontology, 369-376.

Clinical Psychology and Gerontology Aging Studies

Question: Discuss about theClinical Psychology and Gerontology for Aging Studies. Answer: Introduction The advertisement shows the anti-wrinkle products that claim to reduce the wrinkles and fine lines in less than sixty minutes. The target audience is the aged women of 45-65 years from middle-aged to older women who wants to reverse the signs of ageing. The anti-wrinkle products target the women who are extending their twenties and past middle age. These anti-wrinkles products not only promote to reverse the early signs of ageing but also prevent the characteristics of ageing before the ageing process naturally sets in. These advertisements have a psychological impact on the women. It aims to exploit the insecurities in the target audience. It has an effect on the women who feels that they are getting aged and their looks are getting hampered due to the ageing process (Cruikshank, 2013). They feel that the ageing process has already begun and it will continue in a rapid way. Moreover, these anti-wrinkle advertisements feature famous models and actresses and it is also a reason for th e women to get attracted by these anti-wrinkle products. These advertisements use bold words and phrases like age defying, lifting, and plumping that affects the target audience quickly and effectively. The target audience feels that happiness is associated with appearance and beauty is of paramount importance. It has a very bad impact on the women promoting injustice, inequality, contradictions and irrationalities prevailing in the society (Rudman, 2015). It also conveys the message that beauty is associated with the appearance of youth. These anti-wrinkle advertisements have an overall bad impact on the target audience filling them with fear and insecurities in the women. People stereotype elderly people based on age that is featured in these anti-wrinkle advertisements. These advertisements show stereotype that features the aged women through a lens of diminished beauty, value and reflects and reinforces the societys attitude towards getting old (Brooks, Bichard Craig, 2016). It shows a distorted view of ageing in the women and emphasizes the burden of the ageing population. The negative stereotypes that portray the older women who are ignored and dissatisfied with the ageing process are widely used in these advertisements. It portrays the negative stereotypes about ageism in the society and standard anti-ageing messages that are impossible for these products to attain. The negative images portray negative stereotypes more deeply and entrench confirmed beliefs about the ageing process. People believe in the negative effects of the ageing and starts feeling bad about getting old. It also reflects the various stereotypes of how the society treats the older generation. It shows media illiteracy and negative stereotypes about the old aged people. The anti-ageing products reflect the ageism that depicts stereotype and discrimination in the society based on the single trait of old age. The stereotype and devaluing of the elderly people have significant negative impact on the aged population affecting their behavior, self-esteem and psychological well-being (Hearn Wray, 2015). The advertisements show the negative stereotype that the old age women are not beautiful and having youthful skin is the only way to look beautiful and stay happy. It also has positive stereotypes that defying ageing is the way to age successfully, however, negative stereotypes have more impact that these advertisements displays. The anti-ageing advertisements show the cultural stereotypes that depict the fair women with a flawless and cosmopolitan image. The cultural reverence is depicted through the fair skin and it is regarded as the definition of beauty (Brown Knight, 2015). It creates a mindset that glorification of fair, anti-wrinkle skin is the way to become beautiful and promote happiness. It also creates a color bias that perpetuates prejudice and hatred that are deep-seated in the mind of the viewers. For example, some countries have diverse culture; however, the minorities or ethnic groups are under presented in these advertisements. They only feature fair and flawless skin and does not reflect the actual changing demographics of the society. Ageing is a natural process that occurs in men and women both. However, the old aged women are stereotyped in the advertisements reflecting insecurity in them (Ylnne, 2015). The discoloration and removal of fine lines in the skin using simulated imagery used in the advertisements reflect that fair and flawless skin is the only way to look beautiful. The wrinkles and fine lines shown in the advertisements depicts that they are not beautiful and should be avoided by the old aged women to look beautiful. The wrinkles and fine lines happen to appear during ageing and women are not the only one who has them. There are no anti-ageing advertisements that target men. The old women can look beautiful with wrinkles and it is a natural process that cannot be denied using anti-wrinkle products. While neglecting the negative impacts and cultural stereotypes, the anti-ageing advertisement has positive impact on the older population. They are in high demand among the women despite the advertisements. The before and after images that the dermitage product provides give a visual representation of the product's effectiveness (Phau, 2017). It is an effective process that demonstrates the efficacy of the dermitage product. The product can achieve its purpose by promoting positive feelings of pleasure and confidence and focus to boost self-esteem, joy, happiness and social acceptance among the target audience. It could also show the positive effects of the therapy in reducing wrinkles in less than sixty minutes without any side effects that would help to achieve the purpose of the product. The reduction of fine lines and wrinkles within an hour could have a great impact on the target audience. The advertisement could also promote women from the ethnic or diverse culture that would h elp the minorities to use this product and get benefitted (Kaur, Arumugam Yunus, 2013). Moreover, the advertisement could also show the organic and natural ingredients used in the product claiming no harmful effects on the skin. The product should display that it cannot delay, mask or prevent premature ageing and would provide temporary effects on ageing. The product should not claim to rejuvenate or cure the early signs of ageing and delay. They should provide subjective claim rather than an objective claim for the product. It should not have a physiological claim like the rejuvenation of the skin, natural cell renewal and stimulation, boost the natural skin structure and works by penetrating the skin. Therefore, by using these strategies, the advertisement can achieve its purpose without depicting negative age or cultural stereotype. References Brooks, M. E., Bichard, S., Craig, C. (2016). What's the Score?: A Content Analysis of Mature Adults in Super Bowl Commercials.Howard Journal of Communications,27(4), 347-366. Brown, A., Knight, T. (2015). Shifts in media images of women appearance and social status from 1960 to 2010: A content analysis of beauty advertisements in two Australian magazines.Journal of aging studies,35, 74-83. Cruikshank, M. (2013).Learning to be old: Gender, culture, and aging. Rowman Littlefield. Hearn, J., Wray, S. (2015). Gender. Implications of a contested area.Twigg, Julia; Wendy Martin (Hg.) Routledge Handbook of Cultural Gerontology. London: Routledge, 201-209. Kaur, K., Arumugam, N., Yunus, N. M. (2013). Beauty product advertisements: A critical discourse analysis.Asian social science,9(3), 61. Phau, I. (2017). Volume 29, Issue 1 Editorial-2017.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,29(1). Rudman, D. L. (2015). Embodying positive aging and neoliberal rationality: Talking about the aging body within narratives of retirement.Journal of aging studies,34, 10-20. Ylnne, V. (2015). Representations of ageing in the media.Routledge Handbook of Cultural Gerontology, 369-376.

12 Signs Youre Underselling Your Freelance Writing Services

12 Signs Youre Underselling Your Freelance Writing Services Youre living the dream as a freelance writerexcept its less like a dream and more like a nightmare. Barely scraping by, exhausted, resentful, hating writing even though you used to love it and at one tie thought that this would be the perfect job. What happened? Where did things go wrong? Chances are pretty good that it can be traced back to one simple cause: youre underselling your freelance writing services. Are You Underselling Your Freelance Writing Services? There are 12 signs youre underselling your freelance writing services and you might be surprised at how many you can identify with. If you find one that you know youre guilty of, tweet it and help out your fellow freelance writers. Maybe its time you considered raising your prices. 1. You havent raised your prices in a while. Are you still using those super-competitive 1970s prices? A year or two or five goes by quickly.  Its easy to forget that you need to revisit your pricing and consider upping it to meet current industry levels. You need to make a living in the 21st century, not the 20th. Your prices must reflect that. Of course, maybe you already know this but you hate to inform current clients of price increases because youre afraid to lose them, or dread their response. How do you go about raising prices and setting your minimum acceptable rate? Youll need information. Whats the going rate in your area for what youre doing? How much money do you need to live? What are your business expenses? How much work do you currently have? Is more available? Knowing your clients, how many do you think will go away after a price raise? How many will stay? Once you know the facts (with #4 being an educated guess), uniformly raise your prices to be competitive and contact all of your clients. Be careful about giving one client a deal and not another; word gets around. Consider this strange thought: sometimes higher prices bring you into a new bracket of clients and can actually open doors for you that your lower prices would not. Mistake 1: You havent raised your prices in the past two years. 2. You are overloaded and overwhelmed with work. Youre working more than you ever did andmaking less. You could write a magazine article for $500 or you could write 25 blog posts for $20. While the magazine article will take hard work, it is one project, one client, one deadline, and one (if you want to think of it this way) headache. 25 blog posts means 25 deadlines, 25 clients, and a lot more management time as well as topics you need to write about. Its your choice: take every little low-priced piece of work that comes your way, or draw a line in the sand as a standard that you wont go below and stick by it. And that line? It has to be a livable line, i.e. enough money to live off of with a reasonable amount of time left for enjoying life. Mistake 2: Youre working more, but earning less. 3. Your clients dont even attempt to negotiate. Were not saying you should pick prices that are high enough to make your clients stop breathing when you announce them, but if you notice that your prices dont even make them pause and try to negotiate, maybe youre aiming too low. Negotiation isnt a sign that someone thinks youre trying to rip them off and that they need to get your pricing back in line. Instead, its a sign that they actually want your product, and are willing to do a little work to see if they cant get it on their terms. Negotiation is sometimes the sign of someone sticking around, not someone leaving. Dont set prices low so as to avoid negotiation. Set them higher to be in a better position for it. Mistake 3: Your clients dont attempt to negotiate. 4. Youre satisfied with less money and think exposure will pay the bills. Well sure, money sounds great. But if you lower the bar so that we can only pay you $10 dollars for your magazine article but youll get exposure doesnt raise alarm bells, you arent going to be freelancing for long. Youll be working a regular job and writing on the side. Small (or no) payment writing is often tagged with the promise of exposure. What is the price on that? Can you put exposure in your savings account? Evaluate just how valuable exposure is, and if the exposure a client promises can actually benefit you. Freelance writing will cover many topics. Many of the things youll write about will be wholly unrelated to each other, and to you as a writer. Exposure in that genre doesnt mean much. The clients audience probably doesnt care about you.  Is the audience of this client interested in finding a freelance writer, or are they interested in the topic? If its the latter, they dont care who you are and what you do, and never will. They are the clients fans, not your fans. Dont forget youre the hired pen. The client needs your output, not you personally. Letting their audience know about your output is a nice ego boost, but it wont bring much back to you. That sounds harsh, but when you are earning your living, you dont have time for ego boosts. Rethink how you think about money. Understand the difference between a pittance and a paycheck. Mistake 4: Youll take less money and bank on exposure to pay the bills. Your time has value. Stop giving it away for free. 5. You have yet to equate time with money. Time = money. You have limited time. You determine what that time is worth. If you dont understand this, youll never appreciate how those low-priced freelance projects are actually a loss, and not real income. Youll only make a success out of taking low-paying jobs if you never sleep and have discovered a 30-hour day. For the rest of us, we must look at projects not only in terms of the money, but the time it is going to take us to earn that money and if it is worth it. How much time do you need for your family? How much time do you need for yourself to recharge? How much time do you have available if youre working a part-time job? Its all an equation, and youd better do the calculations because your time is definitely limited. Itd be a shame to trade an hour for $15 when someone else would have given you $50. If you dont understand that time equals money, youll get to know sleep-deprived exhaustion well, and mistake it for earning a living. Mistake 5: You dont equate time with money. 6. You dont think youre an expert. Ever thought anything like this? Im not good enough to write about that. I dont know enough. That other writer probably knows more than I do. No one would care what I had to say. You think youre a fraud. In some ways, expertise is a form of confidence, not knowledge. It is always just beyond our reach, and that means we operate one step out of our comfort zone and have to gather the courage and confidence to project a landing on the other side. Maybe you cant write detailed magazine articles about brain surgery, but you can grab at those topics youd never considered that dont require specialist knowledge. That gap between what you comfortably know, and what you are supposed to produce, is often closed by research, practice, and a proven system involving drafts and editing. Take the small leaps and become an expert when you stick the landing. Thats how you keep growing as a writer. Mistake 6: You dont think youre an expert. 7. You prefer to be safe above anything else. Theres nothing wrong with being safe. Preferring safety above all else, though, means youll grab any low-paying job that floats by. Its money. You need money. Not having money is scary. Its safe to take on anything that brings in money.  Youd never consider turning down a chance to earn money, youd never gamble that something bigger and better is out there, because that is most certainly unsafe. I cant make promises and say that if you refuse the jobs that are priced to low, refuse the almost-free jobs that promise some form of exposure, that the Big One will land in your lap. It might not. Thats why its called a gamble: you sometimes take a chance and turn down those safe choices and set yourself up for the larger opportunities. Youll never land the Big One if you dont plan for it, and that planning wont happen when youre juggling endless low-paying jobs. Mistake 7: You prefer to be safe more than anything. 8. Youre terrified of confrontation. Youd rather do anything–ANYTHING–than deal with confrontation. But you know what negotiation is? Confrontation. And you know what asking for a livable rate is? Confrontation. Youre confronting the clients sincere desire to save money with your sincere desire to make a living. The best thing to do to get over being afraid of confrontation is to confront. You dont have to be aggressive, but letting your freelancing work be ruled by a fear of confrontation turns you into a doormat. Oh, how tempting it is for a client to use that fear of confrontation to get you to write a few extra draft ideas or give us some options or throw in a few hundred more words at the last minute before you get paid. Not all confrontation is angry, but it should be about fairness towards you and the client. And yes, some confrontation might lead to the end of a client account. Accept it and move on. Mistake 8: Youre terrified of confrontation. Learning to say no to clients is terrifying, but will help you get your work-life balance back. 9. The word no has yet to enter your vocabulary. Saying the word no is the only way youll keep your sanity, your health, and your abilities. Saying yes to everyone and every project is definitely going to lead to writer burnout and resentment. No, you dont have to take every project. No, being desperate is not always a good reason. No, you dont have time for that project though that doesnt mean the project isnt worthwhile for someone else. And  yes, its OK to ask to get paid some or all up front. Mistake 9: You dont know how to say no. 10. Your only goal is paying rent. What kind of goal do you have with your writing? Is it merely to cover this months bills, or to pay off debt that controls your life? Hopefully, you have something larger in mind for your lifes work. While you may not want to write down a comprehensive business plan, it certainly helps you to write down what you want to see happen with your writing, and then give it a timeline. For example,  if you have considerable debt or financial obligations that are driving you to take any and all jobs out of desperation, it might not hurt to get a side job for a while. Put debt reduction on the timeline and plan it out so you have an end goal to look forward to as you move on to the next step. Your writing should have a bigger goal than keeping you out of the hangmans noose. Hopefully, you want to achieve something more from your writing, such as being a published author with a book, or having a blog with X amount of daily traffic that you can live off of. Until you are out of the grip of financial terror, you wont even consider such goals and you wont take any steps to choose clients that can help you reach those goals. Youll take whatever you can get before the next bill is due. Your writing deserves to be more than insurance from debtors prison. Mistake 10: Your only goal is paying rent. 11. You are embarrassed to talk about yourself. Humility is in short supply these days, unfortunately, but when it comes to finding work and promoting yourself to a potential client, you need to be able talk about yourself realistically. For some people, talking about themselves, and talking themselves up is natural. But for some artists and writers (myself included), talking about your abilities in even mildly positive terms is very challenging because it feels like bragging. When asked, you dont have to say I am the greatest writer ever! but you should be able to say I have the experience and I can write this for you. If you find yourself quickly getting used to self-promotion, a word of caution: Dont over-promise and find yourself in a mess later because you actually dont have the chops to deliver what you promised. Be honest about what your abilities are. This includes things like: How quickly you can work. How many projects you can manage at once. What topics you are able to write on. Whether you can work with other writers or designers on a project. Technological capabilities. Do you know how youd answer if asked any of these? If not, this is a good time to take stock of what you can do, and be ready to answer confidently. Be confident, not cocky, about yourself. Theres no shame in that. Mistake 11: You are embarrassed to talk about yourself. 12. You think pricing is the only reason clients come back. A low price might be the only reason clients come back if their sole goal is saving a buck. (Do you really want those clients?) You forget that amazing service, fantastic writing, and an overall slice of awesome will trump cheap every time for clients worth your time. When you know you have the skills and the ability to deliver a great product, you can confidently ask for higher rates. And, when you deliver, your clients will have no problem the next time they come back for additional writing services. Clients who come back because you have cheap prices are clients that are going to make your life miserable. They arent there because of what you can do, theyre there because of what they plan to do. Theyre bean counters and are going to wring every last free drop out of you that they can. There is a strange inverse connection between the amount a client pays and the noise level they make. Clients that are at the level where they understand legitimate pricing also are professional enough to not bother or micromanage you. They trust your skills, as a professional. Cheap is cheap.

The shawshank Redemption, essays

The shawshank Redemption, essays A film has: Conflict, Action, Dialogue, Setting, Atmosphere and Point of view. Choose two of these and, with close reference to The Shawshank Redemption, show how they are used to aid the communication of a key theme from the film. Hope is a key theme in The Shawshank Redemption. Two major elements that are used to aid the communication of this theme are Conflict is used throughout the entire film to highlight the key theme of hope. A prime example of this conflict is Ellis Redding (Red) who is in conflict with himself. Red simply refuses to have any hope in his prison life. Red believes that hope is a dangerous thing and after meeting Andy Dufresne is in a constant battle with himself, trying not to trust in hope after witnessing it destroy many people before him. It is noticeable that Red is afraid of hope for the same reason. Reds conflict becomes more evident when Andy gives him a harmonica, only a short period after Andys debate with Red about music freeing the soul and the fact the hope is a good thing. Even in darkness of his cell, Red only dares to blow his harmonica once and reacts by clenching it tightly, frightened by the idea that music frees the soul and the hope that Andy Dialogue plays a vital part in the communication of the main idea of hope. Most of the dialogue that involves hope has Andy involved and a good example of this dialogue is when Andy is let out of the hole after playing the music over the loud speaker. Andy describes how the music cannot be taken away from him. Andy then asks Red if he has ever felt that way about music and Red talks about playing a harmonica when he was younger and says that it didnt make much sense on the inside. Andy is shocked and insist that it makes the most sense on the inside and the importance of it to remind of the outside world and hope. Red replies saying Hope is a dange ...